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Nonclassical Ion Channels in Learning and Memory
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Ze-Jie Lin, Xue Gu, Tian-Le Xu, Wei-Guang Li
The Morris water maze is one of the most widely used behavioral paradigms for studying the neurobiological mechanisms of spatial learning and memory. During this behavioral task, animals (usually rats or mice) are placed in a large circular pool of water and required to escape from water onto a hidden platform whose location can normally be identified only through spatial memory. There are no local cues indicating where the platform is located (Morris 1981). Conceptually, this task requires place cells, which are neurons in the hippocampus that recognize or represent points in space in the environment (O’Keefe 1976). Cellularly, long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 region serves as the primary experimental model for investigating the synaptic basis of spatial learning and memory (Bliss and Collingridge 1993; Tsien, Huerta, and Tonegawa 1996).
Pre-Clinical In-Vivo and In-Vitro Methods For Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer’s Drugs
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Shilpa A. Deshpande, Niraj S. Vyawahare
Principle: In the Morris water maze, a platform is submerged in a large, circular pool of water that remains in the same location in the pool for days. The animal’s task is to find the platform by learning the spatial relationships between the platform’s location and the other maze landmarks in the test environment. This is a reference memory task. Working memory can be tested with the platform in a different location on each day. The animal learns the location of the hidden platform in one trial, shown by a decreased latency to locate the platform on a second trial.
John O’Keefe (b. 1939)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
But perhaps the strongest evidence for hippocampal involvement in cognitive mapping came from an experiment by Richard Morris, who had close ties with O’Keefe’s laboratory. In the early 1980s, he developed a task where rats were required to swim in a water maze. The maze was in fact a large circular tank of water made opaque with the addition of milk, which also contained a small escape platform whose surface was hidden just below the water level. Rats were put into the water and allowed to swim around until they “bumped” into the platform – onto which they inevitably climbed. The rats could not directly see the platform and were forced to learn its location by determining its position in relation to the external cues around the maze. Morris found it took just a few trials for normal animals to consistently and quickly find the platform. In contrast, the hippocampal lesioned rats were unable to learn the location of the platform after 40 days of training. As O’Keefe has acknowledged, the Morris water maze is both a superb test of spatial navigation and hippocampal function.
To explore the change of motor cognitive function in pituitary tumor rats after operation
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023
Hu Chang-Wei, Ya-Bing Li, Xiao-Yong Han, Gang-Feng Yin, Xi-Rui Wang
The spatial learning ability was assessed in a Morris water maze as described previously. The Morris water maze consists of a black circular pool (180 cm diameter, 45 cm high) filled with water (30 cm depth) at 26 °C and virtually divided into four equivalent quadrants: north (N), west (W), south (S) and east (E). A 2-cm submerged safe island (with a diameter 12 cm, height 28 cm, made opaque with paint) was placed in the middle of one of the quadrants equidistant from the sidewall and the center of the pool. Rats were trained to find the platform before pituitary adenoma or sham operation. For each trial, the rat was randomly placed into a quadrant start points (N, S, E or W) facing the wall of the pool and allowed a maximum of 180 sec to escape to the platform, rats that failed to escape within 90 sec were placed on the platform for a maximum of 20 sec and returned to the cage for a new trial (inter-trial interval 20 sec). Maze performance was recorded by a video camera suspended above the maze and interfaced with a video tracking system (HVS Imaging, Hampton, UK). The average escape latency of a total of five trials was calculated [6].
Ferulic acid produces neuroprotection against radiation-induced neuroinflammation by affecting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Guifang Liu, Yao Nie, Congshu Huang, Guihua Zhu, Xuemei Zhang, Changkun Hu, Zhihui Li, Yue Gao, Zengchun Ma
The water maze consists of a black circular bath with a circumference of 120 cm and a height of 50 cm, which is fitted with a camera system and a behavior trajectory analysis system and is situated in a quiet and dark room. The water was discharged to be a depth of 30 cm before the experiment, and the water temperature should be kept steady at 20 ± 2 °C. The mouse was gently lowered from the pool’s four quadrants’ sides, using distant visual cues to locate the platform (10 cm in diameter) positioned 1 cm underneath the pool’s surface in the northwest quadrant. The hidden platform experiment was carried out from the 1st to the 6th day after radiation. The period it took a mouse to reach a platform concealed under the water was the mouse’s escape latency, and something longer than 60 s is registered as 60 s. The platform was removed on the seventh day and the space exploration experiment was carried out. Put the mouse into the water from the quadrant opposite to the previous platform, let the mouse swim freely in the pool for 60 s, and count the number of times the mouse crossed the quadrant where the previous platform was to test the spatial memory ability of the mouse.
Electrical lesion of bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex impairs fear- and space-related learning and affects subsequent choice behavior
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Zheng Chu, Peng Liu, Gang Lei, Fei Liu, Lisha Deng, Liu Yang, Shaofu Li, Yiming Wang, Yonghui Dang
The Morris water maze is an experiment aimed to test the learning and memory ability of experimental animals to spatial location and orientation by forcing animals to swim and learn to find a hidden platform in a water pool (16). The water maze was a circular pool (120 cm diameter, 60 cm high, 35 cm deep) filled with water (22–25°C) dyed by edible white pigments. The pool was divided into four quadrants (north (N), east (E), south (S), and west (W)). The test program mainly includes two parts: place navigation and spatial probe. During the place navigation phase, the rat was put into the water 4 times a day from four different quadrant facing the wall of the pool for 5 consecutive days and the time they found the platform hidden under the water surface was recorded. On day 6, the platform was removed and spatial probe experiment was tested. The rat was put into the pool from a fixed quadrant and then its swimming trajectory was recorded and the memory of the original platform was investigated.