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Tinnitus
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
First, the brain reorganizes its tonotopic map. The tonotopic map is a way of dividing the parts of your brain that process sound into regions that respond to different sound waves, such as 20 Hz (a very low-pitched noise) versus 20,000 Hz (a very high-pitched noise). Typically, the neurons in this part of your brain, the primary auditory cortex, are tuned to specific levels and frequencies of sounds, but in tinnitus the tuning of the brain changes as it reorganizes which sounds it responds to in the regions of the tonotopic map (Eggermont, 2012).
Pleasurable emotional response to music: A case of neurodegenerative generalized auditory agnosia
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
Brandy R. Matthews, Chiung-Chih Chang, Mary De May, John Engstrom, Bruce L. Miller
Here we describe a young man with an idiopathic, chronic, progressive cortical neurodegenerative disorder who developed functional deafness but reported retention of his ability to experience pleasure when listening to his favorite musical genres, jazz and classical. We determined that the patient had developed auditory agnosia based on his preserved ability to recognize the onset of acoustic stimuli in association with a relative inability to interpret auditory input. The bilateral hemispheric representation of tonotopic maps throughout the auditory pathway renders such deficits rare, although confusion generated by the complex terminology and the inherent difficulty in adequately and uniformly evaluating these syndromes continue to contribute to an underreporting of such deficits (Polster & Rose, 1998).
Anatomy of the Cochlea and Vestibular System: Relating Ultrastructure to Function
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The mature organ of Corti is a ridge of cells resting on the basilar membrane and overlain by the tectorial membrane (Figure 47.4b,c). The length of the coiled basilar membrane and attendant organ of Corti varies with species; in humans it is about 35 mm long (range, 28–40 mm),72 ~12 mm in mice, ~20 mm in guinea pigs and ~40 mm in whales. The widths of the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti increase systematically from the base to the apex of the cochlea. The thickness of the basilar membrane and the height (and mass) of the organ of Corti also both increase systematically from base to apex.73 The consequent changes in the inherent mechanical properties of the basilar membrane, combined with changes in the mass on the membrane, result in sounds of different frequencies producing maximum vibrations at different locations along the cochlea; high frequencies are detected at the basal end and low frequencies at the apex. This frequency-place, or ‘tonotopic’ relationship is preserved along the neural pathways in the brain: nerves that innervate the hair cells at the high-frequency, basal end of the cochlea project to a specific place in the cochlear nucleus, and those that innervate hair cells in the apical low-frequency region project to a different but specific place in the cochlear nucleus, i.e. there is a tonotopic map projected onto the cochlear nucleus and this tonotopicity is carried on up the auditory pathway.
Accuracy of radiological prediction of electrode position with otological planning software and implications of high-resolution imaging
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Franz-Tassilo Müller-Graff, Johannes Voelker, Anja Kurz, Rudolf Hagen, Tilmann Neun, Kristen Rak
The results of this study may help in the future to support more personalized CI implantation. By choosing an electrode suitable for the individual cochlea, the tonotopy can be more optimally represented. As a consequence, this could also promote anatomically-based fitting in order to generate a sound that is as natural as possible (Di Maro et al., 2022). At the same time, the results of this study can also help to automatically measure cochlear parameters through the interaction of high-resolution imaging and otological software, which is currently a major subject of research in the field, e.g. with deep learning algorithms (Heutink et al., 2020). If this can be done reliably, it would considerably reduce the time required, which in turn would promote broader clinical applicability. Furthermore, this technology could be useful for robotic-assisted cochlear implantation, which, due to its setting, relies on precise anatomical predictions and has already been carried out in some cases (Caversaccio et al., 2017; Topsakal et al., 2022). In particular, in this study it has been described that some insertions had to be aborted due to insufficient image contrast resolution of the CBCT used. Therefore, fpVCTSECO could close the gap between scientific synchrotron radiation phase contrast imaging, which is currently assumed to be the gold standard, and low-resolution clinical scans like MSCT or CBCT.
Virtual reality for tinnitus management: a randomized controlled trial
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Aniruddha K. Deshpande, Ishan Bhatt, Chanapong Rojanaworarit
The present study documented the effect of ST + VR intervention on tinnitus loudness and TFI scores. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms responsible for mediating the VR effect on tinnitus outcomes remain largely elusive. Tinnitus is associated with peripheral and central auditory structures (e.g. Henry et al. 2014). Auditory deafferentation caused due to ageing, noise, and ototoxic agents are known to induce hyperactivity in the central auditory structures (Vanneste and De Ridder 2016; Weisz et al. 2006). Tinnitus is associated with the tonotopic reorganisation of the auditory cortex – a consequence that may arise from the abnormal increase in the central gain and auditory deafferentation (e.g. Auerbach, Rodrigues, and Salvi 2014). Non-auditory structures, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampus, and posterior cingulate cortex are also associated with tinnitus (Vanneste and De Ridder 2012). The complex interaction between cortical and subcortical networks (both auditory and non-auditory areas) might produce a clinical representation of tinnitus (e.g. Haider et al. 2018).
MELUDIA – Online music training for cochlear implant users
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2022
More recent studies evaluating various forms of musical engagement and music training, such as ear training, found benefits for CI users that participated in these tasks. Torppa et al. (2014) demonstrated that the prosodic perception of children with CIs was linked to auditory discrimination, auditory working memory and musical activities. Children with musical experience achieved performance that was statistically equivalent to that of age-matched NH controls (Torppa et al., 2014). Di Nardo et al. (2015) hypothesized that the ‘ … modified tonotopy organisation of our prelingually deafened children could be further optimised for a more precise resolution of frequency spectrum … ’ due to musical training that resulted in significantly improved performance on pitch perception tasks.