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The Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh, Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
Suzanne S. Mirra, William R. Markesbery
Another characteristic feature is enlargement of the ventricular system that contains the cerebrospinal fluid, with disproportionate enlargement of the ventricular extension of the temporal lobe, i.e., the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Figure 2). Finally, pallor of the locus ceruleus, in the upper brain stem, a nucleus with neuromelanin-containing brain cells, occurs with such consistency in AD patients with longstanding dementia that a normally pigmented locus ceruleus appropriately raises doubt as to the accuracy of the diagnosis (Figure 3). Still another neuromelanin-containing structure, the substantia nigra in the midbrain, may exhibit pallor in some cases with loss of its normal black color. This pallor is commonly associated with microscopically detected loss of neurons and with inclusions within the pigmented nerve cells known as “Lewy bodies”.
Examination of the Nervous System
Published in John W. Scadding, Nicholas A. Losseff, Clinical Neurology, 2011
Tim Fowler, John Scadding, Nick Losseff
The fibres of the optic radiation leave the lateral geniculate body to pass via the posterior limb of the internal capsule to the visual cortex. In their course, fibres carrying impulses from the homonymous upper portions of the retinae pass via the parietal lobe to the supracalcarine cortex. Fibres representing the lower portions of the retinae pass over the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, where they lie in the posterior portion of the temporal lobe before reaching the infracalcarine cortex.
Cortical Visual Loss
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
The neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus give rise to the optic radiations, which project to striate cortex. The radiations start as a compact bundle in the posterior internal capsule, then fan out. Because of the embryonic forward growth of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, the fibers for the superior quadrant project slightly anterolaterally as Meyer's loop. They then turn to project posteriorly, joining the fibers from the inferior quadrant, which have passed through inferior parietal white matter, and terminate in the calcarine fissure. Its initial portion is supplied by the anterior choroidal artery, its temporal and parietal portions by the inferior division of the middle cerebral artery and its final portion by the posterior cerebral artery. Optic radiation damage causing complete hemianopia can occur with minimal other signs if it is the initial or terminal portion that is damaged. However, in its large middle portion, complete hemianopia requires extensive damage, invariably with other signs such as hemiparesis, hemi-sensory loss, aphasia if on the left, and hemi-neglect if on the right. More common are partial hemifield defects that have a mild degree of incongruity. Superior quadrantanopia occurs with lesions of Meyer's loop (Figure 20.4a) and inferior quadrantanopia results from damage to the parietal optic radiation. These quadrantic defects usually align on the vertical meridian but seldom on the horizontal (24). Damage to the middle zone of the radiations can cause a sectoranopia like that from lateral choroidal artery infarction of the lateral geniculate nucleus (25).
Seizure and cognitive outcomes of posterior quadrantic disconnection: a series of 12 pediatric patients
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Yao Wang, Chao Zhang, Xiu Wang, Lin Sang, Feng Zhou, Jian-Guo Zhang, Wen-Han Hu, Kai Zhang
Similar to the description of Daniel et al.,2 the surgeries in our centre included the following procedures:(1) Stage I: Periinsular window: After a ‘barn-door’ incision on the scalp, the bone flap was cut and the dura was cut open. The superior temporal gyrus (T1) was coagulated approximately 5–8 mm from the sylvian fissure. Then, the full length of the T1 was cut open and removed. The full length of the inferior limiting sulcus was exposed. Along the inferior limiting sulcus, the temporal stem was disconnected towards the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Towards the posterior part of the temporal horn, the atrium was exposed. In this region, it was easy to locate the cortex of the parietal operculum and posterior superior limiting sulcus. After disconnection of the posterior corona radiata through the posterior superior limiting sulcus, the body of the lateral ventricle was exposed.
Comparison of seizure outcomes and safety between anterior temporal lobotomy and lobectomy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Xiyue Yang, Qi Liu, Qiao Yang, Jinzhu Guo, Yi Guo, Chenhui Mao, Yiwei Zhang, Wanchen Dou
After the dura was opened, the Sylvain fissure was separated, and the temporal stem was exposed. A incision was made approximately 1 cm vertically into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and the hippocampus and amygdala were exposed. The posterior amygdala and the uncus were aspirated off by using an ultrasonic aspirator. During this procedure, the main vessels supplying the temporal lobe are reserved. Approximately 5 cm from the middle temporal gyrus to the temporal pole, the anterior temporal lobe was disconnected from other brain tissue. Then, the hippocampus was well exposed and disconnected 3cm from the head. The fimbria and the parahippocampus gyrus was disconnected in the same plane as well. A portion of the hippocampus is sometimes biopsied.