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Motor Function and ControlDescending Tracts
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The supplementary motor cortex and the premotor cortex form the secondary, or association, cortex. The supplementary motor area is located on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere above the cingulate gyrus. Broca's area (motor speech area) lies anterior to the primary motor cortex near the Sylvian fissure. Excitation of upper motor neurons in the premotor cortex are transmitted to the brain stem and spinal cord where the lower motor neurons are activated and bring about voluntary movement. The supplementary motor area controls and coordinates fine complex movements.
Meningioma and the brain
Published in Alex Jelly, Adel Helmy, Barbara A. Wilson, Life After a Rare Brain Tumour and Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome, 2019
Figure 10.1 features MRI scans with injected contrast that show the tumour as a bright mass near the centre of the brain. MRI scans are taken as slices through the head. The supplementary motor area is either side of the tumour, and compressed on both sides. This makes the chances of developing Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome much higher.
Motor Aspects of Lateralization: Evidence for Evaluation of the Hypotheses of Chapter 8
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
Two papers reporting on eye movement disorders after unilateral hemispheric damage contribute to defining the special roles of the two hemispheres in motor control. Gaymard et al. (1993) studied three patients with lesion of the right supplementary motor area, and three with damage to the corresponding area on the left. When asked to perform single saccades to previously memorised positions neither group of patients were impaired. In a task involving sequential saccades to three positions pre-ordered in memory, many more errors were found for the left hemisphere patients than the right hemisphere ones. This result is similar to that of Kimura (1982) for sequences of manual or oral gestures. Given that saccades are an equivalent to ballistic, open-loop control of the limbs, the result supports the hypothesised role of the left hemisphere in such movements.
Life after a rare brain tumour
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Immediately after surgery, she is unable to speak and move and she experiences Supplementary Motor Area syndrome (SMA). This is a transient disturbance of the ability to initiate voluntary motor and speech actions that will often occur immediately after neurosurgical resections in the dorsal superior frontal gyrus, but will typically disappear after 3 months, as did in Alex. In the period after the operation, Alex is suffering from quite severe psychotic symptoms. She is convinced that she is a man, she suspects nurses of conspiracy plans, she thinks there are spies everywhere who are spying on her and she tells her sister that she is going to kill her oldest daughter. The latter because she can then be her sister’s eldest daughter, and by taking over her niece’s body, her sister can be her mother from which she can learn a lot. Furthermore, she is very disinhibited during this period and gives unvarnished criticism of the behaviour and appearance of the people in her environment. This was a difficult period for Alex and everyone around her.
Comparison of Functional Connectivity during Visual-Motor Illusion, Observation, and Motor Execution
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Katsuya Sakai, Junpei Tanabe, Keisuke Goto, Ken Kumai, Yumi Ikeda
Previous studies identified the PMC, Pa, and superior temporal sulcus as the main brain regions activated by watching their own body movement video (Cattaneo & Rizzolatti, 2009; Hardwick et al., 2018). These brain regions are part of the “mirror neuron system” (Cattaneo & Rizzolatti, 2009). It has been reported that the supplementary motor area, bilateral Pa, Sa, primary visual area are also recruited during action observation (Hardwick et al., 2018). Using fMRI, Oouchida et al. (Oouchida et al., 2004) reported that the Sa was specifically activated during observation of someone’s right hand movements. The Sa is anatomically connected to the PMC and the Pa, and is considered one of the critical neural bases for observation (Geyer et al., 2000; Keysers et al., 2010; Rizzolatti et al., 1998; Valchev et al., 2016). Our findings suggest that the FC between the PMC and Sa differed during the IL and OB group tasks.
Motor imagery and gait control in Parkinson’s disease: techniques and new perspectives in neurorehabilitation
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Giovanna Cuomo, Valerio Maglianella, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, Marialuisa Martelli, Stefano Paolucci, Giovanni Morone, Marco Iosa
Essential components of MI are visual and kinesthetic imagery, which refer to the mental proprioceptive perception of muscle contractions and changes [17]. Kinesthetic motor imagery involves the imagination of the sensation of the movement, not just the visualization of the movement as in visual MI, so kinesthetic MI yielded more activity in motor-associated structures and the inferior parietal lobule, suggesting that these two modalities of imagery could be mediated through separate neural systems, whereas visual MI activated predominantly the occipital regions and the superior parietal lobules, so they may contribute differently during processes of motor learning and neurorehabilitation [18]. Gait in MI tasks involves fronto-parietal areas and subcortical areas such as basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum as the actual movements do [19]. Inhibitory and excitatory signals from the brainstem and spinal cord modulate the muscle tone in locomotion*** [19–24]***. Limbic system and basal ganglia have a role in the gait emotional expression [25]. Supplementary motor area appears fundamental to initiate and stop motor gait: lesions in this area result in gait apraxia [26]. Posterior-parietal areas contribute to motor planning and visual feedback, while cerebellum supports proprioception and balance [27,28]. Individual differences in gait imagery abilities might lead to differences in the pattern of brain activation, but the same areas of the gait network are involved [17].