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Current Theories of Hypnosis
Published in Assen Alladin, Michael Heap, Claire Frederick, Hypnotherapy Explained, 2018
Assen Alladin, Michael Heap, Claire Frederick
Hypnosis provides a vehicle whereby cortical and subcortical functioning can be accessed and integrated. Since the subcortex is the seat of emotions, access to it provides an entry into the organization, processing and modification of primitive emotions.
Neuroacupuncture for Central Nervous System Disorders
Published in Len Wisneski, The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
Len Wisneski, Jason Jishun Hao, Linda Lingzhi Hao
Several theories have been proposed regarding the cause of phantom limb pain. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying phantom pain is likely to lead to new types of treatments. Some studies have indicated that phantom pain might originate in the brain. There is a reorganization of the primary sensory cortex, subcortex, and thalamus after amputation. The reorganization of the sensory cortex is currently considered to be responsible for phantom limb pain.
Disorders of Sensation, Motion, and Body Schema
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The basal ganglia are involved with scheduling movement elements in the appropriate order. It is possible that, as a skill develops, there is a shift in the locus of control from the cortex to the subcortex. This may be enabled by a representation in the basal ganglia of the sequence (i.e., while the representation of the sequence remains cortical, the basal ganglia provide a mechanism by which there is rapid progression of the overt movements as the sequence unfolds). The basal ganglia seem to operate on a higher level when selecting a particular goal. The cerebellum fine-tunes the motor program used in accomplishing a set goal. Both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum form loop-like circuits in which cortical inputs are processed and then relayed back to the cortex via the thalamus. They both have inhibitory projections to their output targets: the globus pallidus inhibits the thalamic nuclei and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex inhibit the cerebellar nuclei. They both utilize a divergent-convergent model: input signals are distributed across as range of neural networks and are then recombined into a more compact, topographic organization. In the basal ganglia, this output is directed to the globus pallidus. In the cerebellum, input from mossy fibers is reintegrated in the Purkinje cells (Hazeltine & Ivry, 2002).
Short-term lithium treatment protects the brain against ischemia–reperfusion injury by enhancing the neuroplasticity of cortical neurons
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Shih-Huang Tai, Liang-Chun Chao, Tung-Yi Huang, Che- Chao Chang, Sheng-Yang Huang, Tian-Shung Wu, E-Jian Lee
This study examined the possible contributions of lithium-mediated neuroplasticity in the cortex during transient focal cerebral ischemia. The neurologic grading systems and SSEP measurement data indicated sensorimotor dysfunction occurs in animals subjected to transient MCAO, but lithium treatment improves the neurobehavioral functions, especially in sensory function. Since we only revealed the lithium effects at the acute phase, more experiments were needed to see if lithium affects motor functions during subacute and chronic stages33. The data of Golgi-Cox staining indicated lithium treatment restored more dendritic spines at ischemic penumbra areas. It is well documented that extensive connections exist between the motor cortex and sensory cortex and between the cortex and subcortex [34]. The growth of dendritic spines in these areas might promote the sensorimotor integration and improve the general neurological function test. Our study’s findings showed that lithium ameliorated MCAO- induced brain insult in the brain cortex, at least in part, by restoring neuronal circuits. We highlighted the beneficial role of lithium in the development of dendritic spines and the lengths of cortical pyramidal cells in both hemispheres.
Cerebral microbleeds are associated with blood pressure levels in individuals with hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2020
Lingchun Lyu, Jiayi Shen, Chunlai Zeng, Jiansong Ji, Wuming Hu, Tiemin Wei, Wei Mao
The incidence of CMBs differed among cardiovascular disease patients and a healthy elderly population based on different MRI inspection technologies. The use of different MRI inspection technologies leads to different enrollment criteria. By scanning 460 patients using GRE-T2*WI, we demonstrated that the incidence of CMBs was 26.7% in the hypertension group and 58.3% in the cerebral infarction group (Table S2). Interestingly, CMBs were regularly distributed in the brain, and lesions occurred in multiple parts of the brain in most patients. The cortex-subcortex and basal ganglia regions were the most common sites of occurrence, and lesions were rarely observed in the brain stem and cerebellum. There were 489 lesions in CMB patients, with approximately 1 ~ 10 CMB lesions in each patient, and this finding is consistent with past studies (18 ~ 68% in the infarction group (7), 33%～80% in the cerebral hemorrhage group (4)). However, the incidence of CMBs in the hypertension groups was reduced compared with the 56% reported by Lee et al. This difference is potentially attributable to increased proportions (52%) of HBP grade 1 patients and patients younger than 75 years (57.5%). Moreover, the increased incidence of CMBs in the cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage groups suggests that CMBs are associated with cerebral infarction and hemorrhage.
Central deafness: a review of past and current perspectives
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2019
Frank E. Musiek, Gail D. Chermak, Barbara Cone
A number of factors have limited the advancement of our knowledge of CD. These factors include: (1) lack of consensus among researchers as to which anatomical structures should be involved in order to qualify a case for inclusion in the diagnostic category of CD; (2) the absence of discrete, well-defined lesions across patients; (3) a lack of consistency in the terminology used to describe the disorder(s) represented in the literature; (4) the presence of considerable variability in the nature and/or extent of the auditory deficits experienced by the individuals studied; (5) lack of a consistent or complete assessment protocol used across investigations; (6) difficulty in assessing patients who may be quite ill and difficult to reliably test; (7) at least partial disassociation between structure and function and (8) the large area of the cortex and subcortex that can affect auditory function (Musiek, Baran, and Pinheiro 1994; Pinard et al. 2002; Poremba et al. 2003; Zaidan and Baran 2013). Moreover, CD is rare, and to the authors’ knowledge, there are no population or epidemiological studies reporting its prevalence. These limiting factors are examined throughout this review and certainly could have affected the interpretations and conclusions presented here.