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Central nervous system: Paediatric and neurodevelopmental disorders
Published in Angus Clarke, Alex Murray, Julian Sampson, Harper's Practical Genetic Counselling, 2019
It is essential to consider (and exclude) specific developmental disorders that may trigger such patterns of behaviour in any particular case, including minor chromosome anomalies, fragile X syndrome, Xp21-related muscular dystrophies and many other specific conditions that impact on neurodevelopment and which can present with ‘autistic’ features. Even though there is no clear Mendelian pattern, there is commonly a familial component, as judged from twin and family studies, with a significant (around 7%) recurrence risk for sibs of isolated cases. One parent may recognise that they have some behavioural or personality features that resemble those of their affected child; in that case, the chance of recurrence in the family may be higher but the severity may be more variable and often mild. When onset is abrupt, without family history, and when there are no associated dysmorphic features, a higher sib risk has been suggested, especially for males. If there are two affected siblings already, then the chance that another boy will be affected is much higher, perhaps as high as 50%, while the chance of a girl being affected is substantially lower.
Oppositional defiant behaviour
Published in MS Thambirajah, Case Studies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
The next step was to consider the possibility of any coexisting developmental problems. The commonest developmental problems seen in children presenting to CAMHS are: general intellectual (learning) disability (seeChapter 4), specific developmental disorders (sLD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD, seeChapter 7). In Adam’s case he was judged to be a bright boy and there was no evidence of autistic features. However, he did show considerable difficulties in reading indicating he had specific reading disorder.
Personality Disorders
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
Pamela J Taylor, Conor Duggan, Andrew Hider, Tony Maden, Estelle Moore, Pamela J Taylor, Ron Blackburn, John Gunn, Jonathan Hill, David Mawson, Paul Mullen
This brief review of explanations of how personality disorder may emerge raises questions as to how far the disorders observed in clinical practice are correctly designated as personality disorders alone, and how far there are, in effect, multiple disorders to be dealt with – perhaps multiple disorders of personality, but also other specific developmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, other traumatic/attachment related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and illnesses, to which perhaps, people with personality disorder may be disproportionately vulnerable. It has, for example, been shown that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a child is not only a risk factor for antisocial behaviour and alcohol abuse in adult life (Loeber et al., 2003; Langley et al., 2010) but also may persist into adult life and complicate the presentation of personality disorder and other conditions (Young et al., 2003; Young and Toone, 2000).
A model of internalized stigma in parents of individuals with disabilities
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Marija Čolić, Sarah Dababnah, Ivona Milačić-Vidojević
A total of 82 caregivers of individuals with physical disabilities (PD) and ASD participated in the present study (see Table 1). The parents were between ages 32 and 71 (M = 45.96, SD = 8.89), while their children were between 4 and 48 years (M = 16.83, SD = 9.75). The majority of the sample were mothers (90.2%) and most of the caregivers had a male child (70.7%). In PD group, we included parents whose children had functional motor limitations. The most frequent diagnosis in the PD group was cerebral palsy (64.3%), followed by quadriparesis (7.1%), hemiparesis (7.1%), scoliosis (4.8%), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2.4%), paralysis plexus brachialis (2.4%), paraplegia (2.4%), Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (2.4%), multiple disabilities and Rett syndrome (2.4%), mixed specific developmental disorder (2.4%), and hypotonia (2.4%).
Time-of-day effect on motor coordination in youth
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Yao-Chuen Li, Jeffrey D. Graham, Daniele Chirico, John Cairney
From a clinical perspective, the misclassification of an individual’s motor coordination may preclude the diagnosis of specific developmental disorders, such as DCD (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Therefore, as children with suspected motor impairments could receive a motor assessment at various times of the day within a clinical setting, one of the issues we could foresee would be the underestimation of motor coordination assessed in the morning based on our findings. Consequently, this may increase the false positives (i.e., people who are incorrectly identified as a positive case) and cause the burdens of medical resources. In addition, those who are incorrectly diagnosed could possibly be given a stigma of any specific disorder that may further negatively impact their psychosocial well-being (Rodger and Mandich 2005). Although, in reality, health professionals cannot arrange all assessments at noon to potentially identify children’s best motor performance, they should be aware that an intra-day variation in motor coordination could pose an underlying effect on the accuracy of the assessment, and the result of the evaluation, thus, should be interpreted with caution. Most importantly, the repeated measurement must be considered across various times of the day, if necessary, to minimize the possibility of the misclassification.
Evaluation of dual-task performance with Nintendo Wii-Fit plus in children with specific learning disabilities
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2021
Mustafa Karabulut, Banu Bas, Banu Müjdeci
Postural stability deterioration in SLD, which refers to a general classification including dyslexia; may result in motor coordination impairment and motor learning impairment. There is a relationship between fine and gross motor coordination and cognitive learning disorders. Comorbid diseases such as ADHD may impair postural control due to attention deficit [23]. Learning disabilities are frequently associated with psychological problems [25]. According to the population-based surveys, approximately 30% of learning-disabled children have comorbid behavioural and emotional problems [26]. Shenoy and Kapur [27] stated that 21 out of 88 children with learning disability had a comorbid psychological diagnosis. Kishore et al. [28] reported that 21 out of 56 children with specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills had a comorbid psychological disorder. The presence of a secondary possible developmental disorder in children with SLD included in our study may have influenced postural control in these children.