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Suggestion by Mystic and Religious Methods; Suggestion under Artificially Induced Hysteria—Hypnotism; Psychanalysis
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
Among the sensory phenomena, there may be anesthesia, local or general, blindness or deafness, suggested or spontaneous, or, other modifications of the special senses. Among the motor phenomena are palsies, tonic spasm, contractures or even convulsions. Among the visceral phenomena, modifications of the pulse and of the heart's action, vasomotor disturbances, and even modifications of the secretions have been observed. The resemblance or rather the identity of these phenomena with those manifested in hysteria will presently become more apparent.
Clinical pharmacology: local anesthetics
Published in Pamela E Macintyre, Suellen M Walker, David J Rowbotham, Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Jonathan McGhie, Michael G Serpell
The first cases of transient radicular irritation (TRI) after spinal anesthesia with lidocaine were reported in 1993.75 This is a purely sensory phenomenon and prospective studies have shown an incidence of 10–37 percent.76[IV] TRI has been unrecognized over the past 50 years despite an estimated 5? million spinal anesthetics being administered.77[V] There are case reports of TRI occurring with bupivacaine, prilocaine, and mepivicaine, but it occurs most frequently with lidocaine.78 The cause of TRI appears to be multifactorial and the LA is implicated, but the mechanism may even be a musculoskeletal one involving sciatic stretching and facet joint irritation.79 [V],80[IV] To date, lithotomy position, outpatient status, and obesity are implicated as important variables, but neither glucose (hyperbaric solutions), needle type or size, nor the dose of LA used have been shown to be related.69 TRI occurs five times as often in lidocaine groups when compared with bupivacaine,81[III] and its incidence is similar in patients exposed to 0.5, 1, and 2 percent lidocaine.82[II]
Pharmacological diagnostic tests
Published in Harald Breivik, William I Campbell, Michael K Nicholas, Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Andrew P Baranowski, Natasha C Curran
Pharmacological challenges may also be combined with quantitative sensory testing (QST – see Chapter 4, Sensory testing and clinical neurophysiology) to enable alterations in sensory phenomena to be monitored. This combined approach has the potential of providing us with more information about the underlying pathophysiology than a drug challenge alone.1 The combined approach may inform us about sensory changes that are occurring with the drug challenge independent of a reduction in pain. If a reduction in a sensory abnormality is detected by QST independent of a reduction in pain perception, it still has to be proven whether that drug group should be continued and a further agent should be added. The list of agents and their effects on different sensory abnormalities is growing.2,3,4,5 Small doses of several different drugs may increase the chance of reducing pain with fewer side effects. Also, several different drugs may be required to reduce all the sensory phenomena and hence the pain.
The severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome and its relationship with premonitory urges: a meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Junjuan Yan, Liping Yu, Fang Wen, Fang Wang, Jingran Liu, Yonghua Cui, Ying Li
Notably, it was found that TS patients comorbid OCS was reported more frequently when compared with TS patients without OCS [27–29]. Sensory phenomena precede tics in TS and compulsions in OCD [18]. It found that 93% of the patients with tic disorder aged from 8 to 71 years reported premonitory urge [30]. Ferrao et al. found that the majority (65%) of OCD patients experienced PUs rather than obsessions prior to at least one repetitive behavior [31]. Steinberg et al. found that the severity of obsessions explained most of the variance for the severity of PUs, which means the higher the severity of obsessive symptoms, the higher frequency of reporting PUs [32]. The PUs were important phenotypic variables in the characterization of the tic-related OCD subtype and were more frequent in the early-onset OCD subtype [18]. Activation in the cingulated gyrus, temporal gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus was correlated significantly with OCS in TS patients [33]. A number of studies find that the neurobiological signature of the PUs to tic converging on the insula, cingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area [34–37]. It seems that the brain areas associated with PUs in TS patients overlapped with OCS to some extent. Based on this shared phenomenology, we wanted to understand this phenomenon in greater detail.
Transcranial direct current stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an update in electric field modeling and investigations for optimal electrode montage
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Renata de Melo Felipe da Silva, Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo, Roseli Gedanke Shavitt, Eurípedes Constantino Miguel, Emily Stern, Eva Mezger, Frank Padberg, Giordano D’Urso, Andre R Brunoni
In addition, OCD is a disorder with heterogeneous manifestations of symptoms – which led to the identification of different ‘OCD subtypes’ [63] – and it is arguable that its clinical diversity is correlated to a difference in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. For example, while many compulsions in OCD are driven by fear of a bad or harmful event occurring, over half of patients perform repetitive behaviors in response to aversive or uncomfortable sensations or perceptions (sensory phenomena) in addition to, or instead of, fear of harm [64–68]. Two recent publications indicate that sensory phenomena may have a distinct neurobiology from harm-related symptoms [69,70] which could suggest the need for a specialized tDCS montage. Ultimately, the field might evolve into ‘personalized’ tDCS montages, with different electrode positioning according to the main cluster of symptoms targeted and/or to the individual neuroimaging and neurophysiological findings. Also, research is needed to correlate the tDCS response to specific OCD symptoms or subtypes in order to identify potential predictors of response (even to specific tDCS montages), as already shown for tDCS in depression [71].
Left out in the cold: Serving wines chilled
Published in Temperature, 2019
In addition to characteristic aromas, wines also elicit taste and, in some cases, astringent and irritant, or “hot”, sensations. Taste sensations are evoked by water soluble compounds and described as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Although salty and umami are not often used to describe wines, winemakers will go to great lengths to find the appropriate balance of sweetness, sourness, and bitterness. Interestingly, taste sensations also seem to be temperature-dependent, although the effects are variable and often compound-specific. In general, taste sensitivity is greatest with stimulus temperatures between approximately 20 and 34°C [2]. Thus, sweetness, sourness, and bitterness will often be perceived as less intense when wines are chilled. Additionally, for some tastants, adaptation (the sensory phenomenon in which perceived intensity decreases with constant stimulation) is also temperature-dependent. Warming appears to slow adaptation to sweet, but not to bitter solutions [3] resulting in a more prolonged and intense sweet sensation. Combined, these effects may underpin the common practice of chilling very sweet wines or poor quality wines that are unbalanced in taste profile. Nevertheless, as with aroma, the typical practice of manipulating the wine in the mouth during evaluation will have a tendency to warm the liquid, thereby minimizing the effect of cooling.