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Enhancing spatial and early visual perceptual skills
Published in Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole, Sensory Motor Activities for Early Development, 2020
Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole
As the child moves, sense organs in his inner ears identify the degree of movement that his body is experiencing, and if necessary allow him to take appropriate action. Experience in coping with changes in balance comes through movement, and if children are unable to move they may have limited experience of this and consequently of spatial awareness. Spatial awareness is the child’s knowledge of his own position and his relationship to objects in space, such as whether a toy is in front of or beside him.
The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Hair cells, arranged in clusters called hair bundles, are specialized receptor cells of the vestibular sense organs. These hair cells convert a mechanical force into an electrical signal that is sent into the brain via the vestibular nerve. Statoconia, also called otoconia because of their location (oto- = ear), are calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear that respond to gravity and cause the hair cells to stimulate the nerve fibers and eventually produce posture changes, keeping the person erect (stato- = standing).
Attributes of Peripheral Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The skin and its accessory structures—hair, nails, and a variety of glands—make up the integumentary system and provide an overall protection to the underlying structures. The skin is composed of multiple layers of ectodermal tissues held together by connective tissue. As shown in Figure 6.11, the uppermost layer is the epidermis, organized as a stratified squamous epithelium composed of proliferating, basal, and terminally differentiated keratinocytes. The keratinocytes are the major cells that inhabit the epidermis, constituting 95% of its cellular content. Other cells within the epidermis include the mechanoreceptor Merkel cells, the pigment producing melanocytes, and the antigen-presenting dendritic Langerhans cells. The dermis, which lies under the epidermis, contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, fibroblasts, sense organs, smooth muscles, and hair follicles. The innermost layer is the hypodermis, consisting primarily of fat tissue (adipocytes), which functions as insulation and as an energy source.
Every nano-step counts: a critical reflection on do’s and don’ts in researching nanomedicines for retinal gene therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Karen Peynshaert, Joke Devoldere, Stefaan De Smedt, Katrien Remaut
Our eyes are wonderful sense organs of unimaginable complexity that grant us vision. They allow us to appreciate the world’s beauty, to sense danger, and to support our emotional communication through eye contact. Seeing the fundamental role vision plays in our existence, its loss has an immense impact on a person’s life. Sadly, at this moment vision impairment affects nearly 300 million people worldwide, of which an estimated 43 million are effectively blind[1]. While there is a plethora of diseases – both inherited and acquired – which result in vision loss, the majority of blinding diseases originate within the retina, a sensory layer that lines the inner surface of the back of the eye. In light of this, a vast amount of research in the last decades has been dedicated to deciphering the biology and biochemistry of the retina along with identification of blinding gene mutations, disease pathogeneses and treatment strategies.
The vision of Helmholtz
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
The passage of the Handbuch through its various editions reflected Helmholtz’s move away from physiological optics toward physics as he progressed from Königsberg to Berlin via Bonn and Heidelberg. Vision was examined progressively with regard to the physics of the stimulus, the physiology of the sense organs, and the psychology of perception. These divisions are represented in the three parts of the Handbuch, which were published separately in 1856, 1860, and 1866. In 1867, they were published together in Gustav Karsten’s Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Physik, with supplements added by Helmholtz. It was translated into French in the same year (Helmholtz 1867b). Despite the impact the Handbuch has had on visual science, its history over the three German editions and its translation into English were not straightforward; the title pages of the three editions and the English translation are shown in Figure 3. With publication in a single volume, in 1867, Helmholtz virtually ceased his active involvement in sensory physiology. In 1869 he wrote: For the time being I have laid physiological optics and psychology aside. I found that so much philosophizing led to a certain demoralization, and made one’s thought lax and vague; I must discipline myself awhile by experiment and mathematics, and then come back later to the Theory of Perception. (Koenigsberger 1906, 266)
Learning oriented physiotherapy (LOP) in anxiety and depression: an 18 months multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2021
Grete Bratberg, Kirsti Leira, Lars-Petter Granan, Egil Jonsbu, Britt Lenes Fadnes, Silje Frish Thuland, Tor Åge Myklebust
All sense organs providing information about the position and movements of the body may contribute to the maintenance of balance [19]. Together with the vestibular apparatus, proprioceptors play a dominant role, but within this group of patients, proprioceptive information commonly seems to be more or less neglected or not integrated with other senses (unconsciously), observed by patients’ imbalance and lack of bodily awareness (e.g. not able to describe the position of their hands without seeing them). In order to reintegrate a more beneficial use of the basic balance system, ten movement sequences have been developed and constitute the therapeutic ‘tools’ in LOP. These are daily life meaningful movements such as e.g. rising to walk, sitting down, walking up and down stairs, getting dressed or undressed, picking up things from the floor – all claiming that patients need to pay full attention to their own bodily balance during the performance. These are directed to the patients in a way characterised by rhythm and flow, and supported by self-commands. Simultaneously, the patients are encouraged to be aware of how the ‘shift of attention’ towards these movement patterns affects them and their symptoms, i.e. the sense of control and the ability to master former challenging situations [29]. Video records of the movements accompanied with explanatory text (only in Norwegian) can be viewed at https://www.balansekoden.no/video-1.html#services.