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Cortical Visual Loss
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
The hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex are involved in the formation and use of a mental map of the environment, which allows one to navigate flexibly from and between different locations (343). “Impaired cognitive map formation” is seen in congenital topographagnosia (344) and some cases of acquired topographagnosia (341). Online computerized tests are available to help diagnose failures of cognitive map formation and use, as well as landmark agnosia (www.gettinglost.ca). Use of GPS technology is a helpful way of dealing with this problem.
Memory
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that posterior prefrontal regions are involved in strategic processing during retrieval, as well as in working memory. Anterior frontal regions near the frontal poles have been linked with functions such as evaluating the products of retrieval. Frontal connections with posterior neocortical regions support the organization of retrieval and the manipulation of information in working memory. Consistent with the evidence from patients with frontal lesions, frontal-posterior networks can be viewed as instrumental in the retrieval of declarative memories and in the online processing of new information. Neuroimaging has also identified contributions to memory made by the parietal cortex. Multiple parietal regions (including the inferior and superior parietal lobules, the precuneus, the posterior cingulate, and the retrosplenial cortex) are activated in conjunction with remembering recent experiences (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2017).
Managing Self-Awareness and Identity Issues Following Brain Injury
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Cognitive neuroscience accounts propose that cognitive processes and underlying neural networks support people's sense of inner sameness and self-reflective capacity (Northoff et al., 2011; Stuss, 2007). Self-identity has been likened to a person's coherent life story that draws upon personal memories of the past and integrates them with notions of self in the present and the future (Conway, 2005). The episodic memories that support sense of self represent a remembering-imaging system in which similar cognitive and neural processes (i.e. medial temporal and frontal lobes, posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, and lateral parietal and temporal areas) are activated when we recollect our past and imagine ourselves in the future (Schacter et al., 2012). Reflecting on personal characteristics and our own performance in the moment engages the medial prefrontal cortex. The anterior cingulate and insula regions have been consistently implicated in self-reflection and performance monitoring (Ham et al., 2013; Northoff, Qin and Feinberg, 2011). These regions are also activated when we share the emotional experiences of others, suggesting that this region supports social identity or connection to others.
Developmental prosopagnosia with concurrent topographical difficulties: A case report and virtual reality training programme
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2019
Sarah Bate, Amanda Adams, Rachel Bennetts, Hannah Line
Such an investigation would also be of particular value given that topographical disorientation deficits following brain injury appear to have a broad range of underpinnings, where various taxonomies have identified difficulties in landmark and scene recognition, as well as in the processing of spatial relationships or the formation and retrieval of cognitive maps (e.g., Aguirre & D’Esposito, 1999; Arnold et al., 2013; De Renzi, 1982; Liu et al., 2011). This variability in acquired cases is unsurprising given the widespread nature of brain lesions: landmark agnosia has been associated with damage to right ventral temporo-occipital cortex (McCarthy, Evans, & Hodges, 1996; Pai, 1997), scene categorisation with the transverse occipital sulcus (Bettencourt & Xu, 2013; Dilks, Julian, Paunov, & Kanwisher, 2013), and both processes to the parahippocampal place area (Epstein, Harris, Stanley, & Kanwisher, 1999; O’Craven & Kanwisher, 2000). Cognitive map formation has been linked to both the right and left hippocampi and the retrosplenial cortex (Iaria, Chen, Guariglia, Ptito, & Petrides, 2007).
Region-specific reduction of parvalbumin neurons and behavioral changes in adult mice following single exposure to cranial irradiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Hiroshi Ueno, Shunsuke Suemitsu, Shinji Murakami, Naoya Kitamura, Kenta Wani, Yosuke Matsumoto, Motoi Okamoto, Takeshi Ishihara
In contrast, both PV neuron density and WFA-positive PNNs increased in the RSGa regions of irradiated mice. Previous studies report that high-dose irradiation (60 Gy) causes increased PV neuron density in the hippocampus a day after irradiation (Ouyang et al. 2017). The retrosplenial cortex is closely interconnected with the hippocampal network and the anterior thalamic nuclei (Van Groen and Wyss 1992; Wyss and van Groen 1992). Indeed, a study with healthy patients with mild cognitive impairment suggested that the earliest abnormalities may occur in the retrosplenial cortex (Nestor et al. 2003). The present results may indicate the possibility that the vulnerable retrosplenial cortex is first affected by ionizing irradiation. However, further research is necessary to investigate the influence of irradiation on the RSGa.
Repatriation is associated with isthmus cingulate cortex reduction in community-dwelling elderly
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Raffaella Calati, Jerome J Maller, Chantal Meslin, Jorge Lopez-Castroman, Karen Ritchie, Philippe Courtet, Sylvaine Artero
The ICC connects the PCC to the parahippocampal gyrus. It is located behind the thalamus, posteroinferior to the splenium of the corpus callosum, and medial to the superior cerebellar cistern (Mark et al. 1993). A larger proportional isthmus has been found in females (both right- and left-handed) in comparison to males (right-handed) (Witelson 1989). Since the isthmus was found to be a language-related area (left hemisphere) (Binder et al. 1997), the reported sexual difference may be linked to differences in hemispheric language organisation between males and females. Moreover, the ICC includes the retrosplenial cortex (Brodmann areas 29 and 30) and overlaps with the broader retrosplenial complex area, and which are involved in spatial cognition (Bar & Aminoff 2003) and episodic memory (Valenstein et al. 1987).