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Non-Synonyms (Similar-Sounding)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Posterior region (of the hypothalamus) (Rom-S, p. 121): A part of the hypothalamus, posterior to its middle (or tuberal) region. Within it are several recognized nuclei, such as the medial mammillary, lateral mammillary, and posterior. The posterior nucleus is also known as the “posterior (hypothalamic) area” (see above).
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
The thalamus is comprised of four groups of nuclei: the anterior, medial, ventral, and posterior.39 The anterior nucleus is a single nucleus that receives its major input from the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and the presubiculum of the hippocampal formation. It is interconnected with the cingulate and frontal cortices and may be involved in memory. The medial nucleus is comprised of the mediodorsal nucleus, which has three subdivisions. Each of these projects to a particular region of the frontal cortex, and input is received from the basal ganglia, amygdala, and midbrain. The medial nucleus is also implicated in memory. The ventral nucleus is comprised of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei. These are involved in motor control. Input to these nuclei comes from the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and output is to the motor cortex. The ventral posterior nucleus, also part of the ventral nucleus, sends somatosensory information to the neocortex. Last, the posterior nucleus is made up of the medial geniculate, lateral geniculate, lateral posterior nuclei, and pulvinar. The medial geniculate nucleus receives tonotopic auditory stimulus and projects it to the superior temporal gyrus. The lateral geniculate receives information from the retina and projects it to the primary visual cortex.39
Retinal optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody associated disorders: an updated review
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Ting-Yi Lin, Claudia Chien, Angelo Lu, Friedemann Paul, Hanna G. Zimmermann
Using DGM atlas-based analysis, subregions of the thalamus have been investigated that are part of the visual pathway. The LGN is a central node in the visual pathway, allowing for signaling between the retina and the visual cortex. Smaller LGN volumes were discovered in AQP4-ON patients, but not in AQP4-NON patients or healthy subjects [257]. In addition, LGN volume also have a correlation with the number of ON episodes, but does not seem to have correlation with the optic radiation lesion [257]. These results not only enlightened the clinical utility of various MRI parameters assessing the optic pathway degeneration, but also suggested an anterograde degeneration in the afferent visual pathway [258]. Apart from the thalamic subregions associated with the visual pathway, the volume of the ventral posterior nucleus, which receives sensory input from the spinothalamic tracts, was found to be inversely correlated with pain severity in AQP-IgG seropositive NMOSD patients [224].
A primary cilium in oligodendrocytes: a fine structure signal of repairs in thalamic Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS)
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Jacques Gilloteaux, Joanna Bouchat, Valery Bielarz, Jean-Pierre Brion, Charles Nicaise
(the ventral posterior nucleus) 1-µm semi-thin sections, histology enabled us to recognize the different cell types within those regions investigated. Examples of each treatment-sampled regions are displayed in Figure 3 as Control/Sham treated or Normonatremic (NN), Hyponatremic (HN), 12-h post ODS or ODS12h, and 48-h ODS or ODS48h treated. There, neuron somata, macroglial (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and some spaces, have been exemplified and labeled. including capillaries and some of the hollows caused by myelinolysis neuropil. Following those treatments, neuron cell bodies, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes as well as microgliocytes did not appear to show very obvious damage under light microscope examination save immunolabels, and then ultrastructure observations complemented the changes revealed by those molecular markers. However, after comparisons and scrutiny of the oligodendrocytes found in all the semi-thin sections, the HN treated suggested changes in overall cell morphology and topology of the NN nucleus aspects, as illustrated in Figure 3 HN. The same cells recognized in ODS12h treatment displayed the highest basophilic nucleus contrast while those of ODS48h are with euchromatic aspects, more like the NN type, whether they were satellites or interfibrillar oligodendrocytes (Fig 3 ODS48h).
Adam Politzer (1835-1920) and the cochlear nucleus
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Albert Mudry, John Riddington Young
During the second half of the nineteenth century, various researchers studied the synapse of the cochleovestibular nerve in the medulla oblongata. In 1858, Otto Funke (1828–1879) named it nucleus of the acoustic nerve (Kern des Acusticus … Kern des Hörnerven; Funke 1858, 445). In 1858, Henle used the term acoustic nucleus (Acusticuskern; Henle 1859), as did Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834–1863) in 1865 (Deiters 1865, 296–297). Although both of these authors gave more anatomical details, the exact structure and nomenclature of this structure continued to remain far from clear. Then in 1878, Carl Ernst Emil Hoffmann (1827–1877) wrote: [T]he one we want to describe as the principal nucleus of the acoustic (central acoustic nucleus of Stieda, internal nucleus of Clarke, Maynert, medial nucleus of the posterior root of Krause, posterior nucleus of Laura, medial part of the superior nucleus of Henle) … essentially corresponds to this nucleus in its expansion in the fossa rhomboidea, our tuberculum acusticum. (Hoffmann 1878, 665)