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Cannabidiol in Mental Health Disorders
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Alline C. de Campos, Felipe V. Gomes, Samia R. Joca, Francisco S. Guimarães
Recently, we observed that CBD, as well as the atypical antipsychotic clozapine, attenuated the decreased number of parvalbumin-positive cells in the mPFC of mice submitted to repeated treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, which is used as a mouse model of schizophrenia based on the hypofunction of NMDA receptors (Gomes et al., 2014). Parvalbumin is a calcium binding protein expressed in a subset of GABAergic interneurons. GABAergic interneurons containing parvalbumin are fast-spiking interneurons, which synapse on the cell body or the initial axon segment of glutamate pyramidal neurons, promoting synchronization and temporal control of the information flow through pyramidal neurons (Lewis et al., 2005). Parvalbumin interneurons are selectively altered in schizophrenia patients and can account for abnormal circuit synchrony and several symptoms in this disorder (Lewis et al., 2005; Grace and Gomes, 2019). Similar to patients, different rodent models of schizophrenia show deficits in the function or loss of parvalbumin interneurons. This parvalbumin loss has been associated with increased oxidative stress (Steullet et al., 2017). Thus, the effects of CBD in attenuating the decrease in the number of parvalbumin-positive cells induced by MK-801 could involve mechanisms associated with protection against the damage caused by increased levels of oxidative stress. CBD has pronounced antioxidant properties (Pellati et al., 2018).
The Cell Biology of Amelogenesis
Published in Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Roger Shore, Dental Enamel, 2017
Ziedonis Skobe, Doris N. Stern, Kenneth S. Prostak
Parvalbumin is irnmunolocalized to the central zone and distal pole of the early secretory ameloblast during formation of the Tomes' process.56 After the initial layer of enamel is secreted, the label is evenly distributed over the ameloblast. Odontoblastic processes do not show the same proximal-distal polarity at a similar stage, but odontoblastic cells label evenly, indicating that different mechanisms exist for Tomes' process formation and for odontoblastic process formation. Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein found mainly in excitable cells such as muscle and nerve and may contribute to plasticity of membranes.56 The amount of other calcium-binding proteins, such as CaBP9K and CaBP28K, increases during the presecretory stage and remains stable during secretion (rat,57,58 and opossum59).
Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects of Food Allergy
Published in Andreas L. Lopata, Food Allergy, 2017
Parvalbumins are present in high concentration in the white muscle of many fish species and are highly cross-reactive major allergens (Lee et al. 2011). Parvalbumins possess three characteristic EF-hand motifs (Ikura 1996) of which only two are able to bind calcium ions (Declercq et al. 1991). Parvalbumins play an important role in relaxing muscle fibers by binding free intracellular calcium ions (Pauls et al. 1996). Binding of the calcium ligand is necessary for the correct conformation of parvalbumin. Loss of the ligand leads to a change in conformation, which results in the loss of the ability to bind IgE (Bugajska-Schretter et al. 1998, Bugajska-Schretter et al. 2000). Calcium-bound parvalbumin displays a high stability to denaturation by heat or degradation by proteolysis (Elsayed and Aas 1971, Filimonov et al. 1978, Griesmeier et al. 2010, Somkuti et al. 2012). Parvalbumins can be classified into two evolutionary lineages, the α- and the β-parvalbumins, which share similar architectures. In general, only β-parvalbumins are allergenic. However, an allergenic α-parvalbumin from frog was described (Hilger et al. 2002). Gad c 1 was isolated from cod and was the first described allergenic β-parvalbumin (Aas and Jebsen 1967, Elsayed and Bennich 1975). Today, a large number of allergenic β-parvalbumins from a variety of fish species is known (Kuehn et al. 2014, Sharp and Lopata 2014). In addition, two allergenic parvalbumins from red stingray were described (Cai et al. 2010).
Serum claudin-5, claudin-11, occludin, vinculin, paxillin, and beta-catenin levels in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Ayhan Bilgiç, Hurşit Ferahkaya, Hülya Karagöz, İbrahim Kılınç, Vesile Meltem Energin
We found higher serum β- catenin levels in children with ASD than in the control group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the circulating β- catenin levels in ASD subjects. However, a variety of studies provided data regarding the potential role of β- catenin in ASD. Several ASD-linked gene mutations are predicted to change β-catenin functions [12,29,46,47]. In a recent study, Alexander et al. demonstrated that excessive β –catenin expression leads to decreased social interest and increased repetitive behaviors in mice [33]. This study also found decreased parvalbumin and altered levels of other genes that were identified as potential risk factors for ASD in humans. Further support for a potential role of Wnt/β -catenin signaling in ASD comes from pharmacological studies. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway act in an opposed manner and preliminary data suggest that PPAR γ agonists may have a positive effect in the treatment for ASD children [48]. Considering the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in endothelial barrier functions, an alteration in this pathway can lead to an impairment in blood-brain and intestinal barriers functionality in ASD. The link between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and ASD must be evaluated through additional studies.
Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Fei Hao, Ye Bu, Shasha Huang, Wanqi Li, Huiwen Feng, Yuan Wang
It has been shown that motor coordination is modulated by extracellular GABA in the cerebellum. Activation of GABA-A receptor in the cerebellum impaired motor coordination (Hanchar et al. 2005). Also, the absence of GABA transporter subtype 1 in mice led to increased levels of extracellular GABA and impaired motor coordination as assessed by rotarod (Chiu et al. 2005). The increase of extracellular GABA levels in the cerebellum was also correlated with motor incoordination on the rotarod in rats (Boix et al. 2010). Moreover, the decrease of parvalbumin (PV) has been associated with a decline in innervation of GABAergic neurons, as reported by several studies (Cates et al. 1999; Schwaller et al. 2002; Iteire et al. 2020). In the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, a group of PYRs showed reduced immunoreactivity to antibodies targeting PV. Thus, it is reasonable to suspect that changes in GABA levels may affect cerebellar neurons and cerebellar motor function.
Excitatory transmission from ventral pallidum to lateral habenula mediates depression
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Bin Liu, Yurong Cao, Jing Wang, Jicheng Dong
Chronic optogenetic manipulation of neural circuit was found to reverse depression –related behaviours in depressed animals (Friedman et al. 2014). Since activation of the Vglut2VP-LHb circuit induced depressive-like behaviours, we speculated that inhibiting this circuit would promote resilience to stress. As expected, we found that optogenetic inhibition of this pathway reversed the depressive-like phenotypes in CSDS-induced depressed mice. These results are in keeping with a previous study, which showed that silencing of VP to LHb neuronal activity attenuated the chronic social defeat stress-induced behavioural helplessness (Knowland et al. 2017). However, inconsistent with our results, they found that inhibition of VP to LHb pathway did not attenuate the social withdrawal behaviour in the depressed mice. This discrepancy might be due to the different subpopulations of VP neurons in the VP to LHb circuit. Knowland, et al. studied the LHb projecting parvalbumin-positive VP neurons, while our study investigated the LHb projecting Vglut2 neurons. On the other hand, it is worth noting that although parvalbumin-positive neurons are usually considered to be GABAergic, Knowland, et al. found that a population of parvalbumin-positive VP neurons were glutamatergic (Knowland et al. 2017). They also found mixed GABAergic and glutamatergic for VTA projecting parvalbumin-positive VP neurons, and inhibition of PVVP-VTA pathway increased social interaction. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the detailed mechanisms.