China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Paroxysmal Dyskinesias
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by intermittent abnormal dystonie and/orchoreoathetotic movements (1). Lance divided the paroxysmal dyskinesias into two main subgroups: paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis and paroxysmal dystonie choreoathetosis (2). Recently, Lugaresi described nocturnal paroxysmal dyskinesias (3). Because patients may have both diurnal and nocturnal attacks, the hypnogenic cases are included in the generaldiscussion of paroxysmal dyskinesias (4).
Balance Disorders in Children
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Louisa Murdin, Gavin A.J. Morrison
Recurrent unprovoked seizures due to epilepsy are either generalized or localized (focal). Seizure disorders can give rise to vertigo in two ways: first, in the aura of a generalized (grand mal) fit; second, as vertiginous epilepsy or vestibulogenic epilepsy. In temporal lobe or occipital lobe focal epilepsy there may be transient loss of consciousness or amnesia; the child may describe the sensation of movement and may have visual or auditory hallucinations. There may be motor or emotional components. Convulsive epilepsies are generally unmistakable. Absence epilepsies may be recognized by the provocation of an episode during hyperventilation. Complex partial seizures in children can be difficult to distinguish from behavioural problems, shuddering attacks, paroxysmal vertigo, breath-holding spells, cardiogenic syncope, night terrors and movement disorders, such as paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis.23
Movement Disorders
Published in John W. Scadding, Nicholas A. Losseff, Clinical Neurology, 2011
Episodes of paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) or dyskinesia (PKD) are brief (lasting up to 5 minutes, but usually 30–60 seconds), occur frequently during the day, and are precipitated by sudden movement. They can be prevented by low dosages of anticonvulsant drugs, typically carbamazepine.
Paroxysmal movement disorders – practical update on diagnosis and management
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Claudio M. De Gusmao, Laura Silveira-Moriyama
In 1892, Kure first reported on a teenage patient who, having had a normal previous developmental history, presented with spells of sudden muscular spasms that seemed to occur upon initiating movement. Taking advantage of recent developments in medical photography, he captured the patient’s muscular spasms upon standing up from a chair. Since the manifestation was primarily related to muscular contraction, he interpreted the condition as being in the spectrum of a neuromuscular disorder and called it atypical Thomsen’s disease [2]. A decade later, Gowers called attention in his treatise on Epilepsy to attacks that could be triggered by voluntary motion [3]. It was not until 1940 that Mount and Reback, a resident and an attending working at the Neurological institute at Columbia in New York, described a family with sudden attacks and negative EEG, coining the term familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis [4]. Different from the former cases, in this family the spells seemed to be triggered by alcohol and fatigue. Other cases were described, occasionally emphasizing the presence of dystonia, in addition or separate from choreoathetosis. The distinction in triggering factors was sharpened by Kertesz, who in 1967 described several cases in which attacks were triggered by initiation of movement. In 1977, Lance [5] reviewed 112 cases classifying them primarily according to the phenomenology of attacks (dystonic choreoathetosis or only choreoathetosis), duration and triggers of attacks. He divided cases into categories: those with prolonged (minutes to hours) episodes in ‘paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis’, brief (seconds to minutes) kinesigenic episodes in ‘paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis’ or intermediate duration of attacks caused by exertion. In 1978, Goodenough [6] and colleagues added the notion that by etiology these conditions could be classified into familial and acquired. In 1994, Fahn [7] added ‘hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia’ (described in 1981 by Lugaresi and Cirignotta [8]), benign paroxysmal dystonia/torticollis in infancy, and a miscellaneous group.