China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Rituals That Make Good Sense
Published in Joi Andreoli, The Recovery Cycle, 2023
You may want to find the experts—addicts like you in recovery—who have successfully stayed sober over time and who are living good lives. Relating to sober addicts like yourself—who have the same addiction—will help you stay sober, feel comforted, and according to one scientific explanation, reduces craving. As human animals, we need to feel a sense of belonging, like we belong to our herd. When we get around our herd, serotonin rises and we feel good because of this rise in our neurochemistry. When addicts are with their kind (alcoholics with alcoholics, gamblers with gamblers, etc.), they feel the herd (a sense of belonging) and with this, good feelings come and craving dissipates.3 With no craving and with the wonderful feeling that we belong, a sense of safety ensues.
Cognitive Improvement, Neuroprotective, and Nootropic Effect of Medhya Rasa¯yana Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Rinki Kumari, Jasmit Singh, Bhargawi Mishra, Anamika Tiwari, Abaidya Nath Singh
It is a very powerful hypnotic and narcotic, with powerful analgesic properties. Morphine is the most abundant component of opium, ranging from 4 to 21% by weight. Morphine is still unsurpassed in its ability to deaden pain. It is considered the most powerful naturally occurring analgesic. It is a general central nervous system (CNS) depressant and, in overdose, can lead to death by completely suppressing the respiratory center of the brain. The study of opium led to the discovery of the first alkaloid, morphine, and the study of morphine led to the discovery of the brain’s own painkillers, the endorphins, perhaps the most important advance in neurochemistry of the past half-century (Avijeet et al., 2011; Karandikar et al., 2013; Srivastava et al., 2017).
Pharmacological interventions
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
While the mechanism of reinforcement or reward induction is unknown, practically all the substances that arouse that mechanism have the potential for significant dependence and have been found to stimulate the mesolimbic and mesocortical (MLMC) dopaminergic pathways. Indeed, MLMC dopaminergic pathways are relatively well-established elements involved in reward induction. A knowledge of the neurochemistry of the brain reward system can assist appreciation of how states of intoxication, withdrawal and dependence may manifest. Dependence induction is complex, and behavioural, psychological, genetic, social and environmental factors are connected and contribute to the presentation of substance dependence. Throughout adolescence, the human brain is going through an intense and important phase of development and maturation, so the impact of patterns of substance misuse and medical treatment interventions should be considered very carefully.
Drug dependence as a split object: Trajectories of neuroscientification and behavioralization at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
His approach did not simply add a neurochemical level to research on pharmacological-toxicological effects like LSD research had done. It also moved away from the previous focus on short-term drug effects, understood as models for other mental disorders, such as psychoses. Now, neurochemical drug action was no longer an epistemic detour to another research object; it was itself the primary research object and directly connected to the mental disorder of dependence. In this way, the neurochemical manifestation of drug dependence emerged as a scientific object in its own right. Accordingly, Herz’s group also investigated the neurochemistry of withdrawal syndromes related to opiates, as well as receptors and endorphins in opiate addiction (operationalized on morphine-dependent rats; Bläsig et al. 1972; Höllt et al. 1978).
The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 against FB1 induced spermatogenesis disturbance, testicular oxidative stress and histopathological damage
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Khawla Ezdini, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Hela Belgacem, Bolanle Ojokoh, Kamel Chaieb, Samir Abbès
Indeed, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that FB1 leads to several in vivo and in vitro biological alterations. In fact, Cao et al (2020) reported that FB1 affected the intestines, the first defense line of microorganisms against toxins, and caused homeostasis imbalance via the disturbance of Cyto P450 activity. Other studies demonstrated that liver and kidney, specific hosts for FB1 accumulation, could also be damaged (Rumora et al. 2007; Demirel et al. 2015; Hou et al. 2021). Moreover, FB1 was found to generate oxidative stress markers (Baldissera et al. 2020), neurochemistry toxicity (Gbore 2010), seizures, as well as hyperexcitability (Poersch et al. 2015) in the brain. Several studies reported also that FB1 induced immunotoxicity (Abbès et al. 2016), apoptosis (Kim et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), and genotoxicity (Müller et al. 2012; Pinhão et al. 2020).
The Gut-Brain-Microbiome Connection: Can Probiotics Decrease Anxiety and Depression?
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Jennifer Maybee, Tamera Pearson, Lydia Elliott
The term gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMA) refers to the relationship between the central, autonomic, and enteric branches of the nervous system, the endocrine and immune systems, and the human microbiome. These body systems have bi-directional communication, which evokes a wide range of effects, from ensuring proper gastrointestinal functioning to affecting cognition and mood (Carabotti et al., 2015). The autonomic nervous system directs afferent signals from the enteric, vagal, and spinal pathways to the brain; while directing efferent signals from the brain to the enteric nervous system and intestinal wall, regulating gastrointestinal motility and function. The microbiota is a key component of human physiology, playing an essential role in regulation of health and disease. These microorganisms communicate with the enteric nervous system, intestinal cells, and the central nervous system, and are vital components of the GBMA. Early research exploring the relationship between the GBMA involved experiments on germ-free mice. These studies demonstrated that gut microbiota affects mood, behavior, stress response, and serotonin modulation by influencing brain neurochemistry (Carabotti et al., 2015). The close relationship between microbiome and mood illuminates possibilities for novel treatment modalities for common mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression.