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Assessing Paediatric Development in Psychiatry
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The parts of the central nervous system mentioned above, the cerebellum, medulla and pons, all contain areas with a high concentration of neural cell bodies, or nuclei. These constitute the basic relay systems required for basic body functions, awareness and the innate reflex responses which aid the survival of the new-born child. These basic functions include sleeping and waking mechanisms, eye movements, ‘startle’ responses, sucking and rooting, along with swallowing, breathing and prevention of aspiration. Development postpartum during the neonatal period and early infancy is predominantly noticeable in the motor and sensory systems. Fine and gross motor development occurs in a cephalic (head) to caudal (spine/tail) direction and with the proximal musculature before the distal.
Collection and Expansion of Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The expanded neural cell lines described above have been successfully transplanted into rodents with a variety of neurological traumas and degenerative diseases with promising results (reviewed in refs. 144,163). Transplanted cells are capable of migrating to affected regions, differentiating into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes with no signs of uncontrolled growth, and providing some normal neuronal functions. An important aspect regarding transplanted cell lines expressing v-myc was the profound natural (not pharmacologic) downregulation in vivo following differentiation,152,156 illustrating the safety of the cells and the conditional nature of the immortalization. If long-term cultured NSCs are to be used in the clinical setting in the future, additional research will be necessary to assure their safety and efficacy; however preliminary data in rodents are very encouraging and lend optimism for the development of relevant therapies to alleviate human neurodegenerative diseases.
Bacterial Peptides and Cytokines as Sleep Substances
Published in Alan J. Husband, Psychoimmunology CNS-Immune Interactions, 2019
R. Brown, K.E. King, M.J. Crowe, T.K. Roberts
The relationship between the immune and nervous system must be elucidated at the molecular level. The present paper examines the effects of the bacterial products known as muramyl peptides on the EEG and fever response in the rat. The mechanism of action of muramyl peptides may be in part represented by the dynamics of the cytokine interleukin-1. We present here for the first time, evidence for the uptake in vivo of interleukin-1 into neurons. Such findings taken together demonstrate the viability of an immunomodulatory cytokine to affect the brain directly as evidenced by its propensity to be taken up by a neural cell population.
The potential of curcumin for treating spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Mahnaz Kahuripour, Zahra Behroozi, Behnaz Rahimi, Michael R. Hamblin, Fatemeh Ramezani
Astrocytes, the most numerous glial cell type in the spinal cord, play vital roles in neural tissue plasticity and neural cell conducts and functions. It seems clear that astrocytes are essential for cell regeneration after SCI, as they improve axonal regeneration under pathophysiology conditions [53]. GFAP is a hallmark for reactive astrocytes [54]. Reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formed inhibitory physical and chemical barriers that stopped neural regeneration and axonal growth. However, the formation of barriers inhibited injury development but did not let continue the growth of sprouted and regenerated axons. This reason is it inhibited locomotor function in animals with SCI. Therefore, finding a safe and effective drug that reduces GFAP expression is useful. According to the present study, curcumin is an inexpensive and safe natural polyphenol that has shown beneficial results in reducing the expression of GFAP and astrocyte activation to promote the survival and regeneration of neurons [41]. Although the exact mechanism by which curcumin reduces GFAP expression is unknown, there are reports that curcumin inhibits the inflammatory pathways that lead to GFAP expression.
Alpha-mangostin attenuates the apoptotic pathway of abamectin in the fetal rats’ brain by targeting pro-oxidant stimulus, catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, and transcriptional regulation of reelin and nestin
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Khairy A. Ibrahim, Mohammed Eleyan, Soad A. Khwanes, Rania A. Mohamed, Basim M. Ayesh
Nestin, a member of the intermediate filament family, serves as a potential proliferative and multipotent marker in progenitor and stem cells of the developing brain (Park et al.2010). The transcription of the nestin gene coordinates with the cell-cycle-dependent morphological alteration of neural progenitor cells and it has an anti-apoptotic function (Huang et al.2009). Reelin, a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is mostly expressed in the developing brain to promote the migration of neuronal precursor cells (Herz and Chen 2006). The expression of reelin has been identified as a major determinant of neuronal adhesion and migration during neocortical development that also plays a substantial role in cellular maturation and synaptic function (Jossin 2020). Consequently, all of these biological events can be targeted by neurotoxic pesticides that may disturb neural cell differentiation and potentially lead to developmental neurotoxicity (Ibrahim et al.2020).
Hippocampal neural cell degeneration and memory deficit in high-fat diet-induced postnatal obese rats– exploring the comparable benefits of choline and DHA or environmental enrichment
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Gayathri S. Prabhu, Mohandas K. G. Rao, Kiranmai S. Rai
In the present study a strong co-relation of levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL (Figures 3–8) was observed with the mean number of surviving neural cells in specifically CA1, CA3 sub regions of the hippocampus. Significantly increased serum triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels observed in OB group in this study is concurrent with earlier studies showing increased LDL levels in obesity and reduced HDL levels that lead to excess accumulation of adipocytes [18]. Intake of high fat diet in juvenile period increases the levels of low density lipoproteins and cholesterol resulting in inflammation and disrupted neurotransmission in hippocampal region. This in turn influences hippocampal neural cell growth and its connections in terms of outcomes on learning and memory [19]. High fat diet also interferes with hippocampal neural cell number and morphological alterations related to dendritic spines connections [20]. Moreover, the serum lipid levels [cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL] were attenuated in OB + CHO + DHA and OB + EE group. Supplementing choline to obese rats helps in fatty acid oxidation and synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in liver as well as the presence of DHA helps in beta oxidation of fat and reduces fat deposits by promoting lipid metabolism [21, 22]. Enriched environment as physical activity protects neural cell structure and also helps in reducing metabolic disturbances in high fat induced obesity by reducing fat deposition [23, 24].