China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Psychophysical Measurement of Human Oral Experience
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Derek J. Snyder, Linda M. Bartoshuk
Several findings indicate that taste sensation varies with the number of taste buds stimulated. One particularly clear example of this relationship is that threshold and suprathreshold taste function increase with the size of the area stimulated on the tongue, presumably because a larger stimulus area captures more taste buds (Doty, Bagla, Morgenson, and Mirza 2001; Hara 1955; Linschoten and Kroeze 1991; Smith 1971). Clinical data paint a similar picture, as patients with lingual nerve damage show parallel losses of fungiform papillae and taste perception (Bull 1965; Cowan 1990; Ogden 1989) that recover partially with nerve regeneration (Robinson, Loescher, and Smith 2000; Zuniga, Chen, and Phillips 1997). Finally, inbred mouse strains expressing differences in bitter avoidance (Harder, Whitney, Frye, Smith, and Rashotte 1984) show corresponding differences in taste bud density (Miller and Whitney 1989) and gustatory nerve activity (Shingai and Beidler 1985).
Peripheral Nerve Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Mohammed Tahir Ansari, Santanu Kar, Devansh Goyal, Dyuti Deepta Rano, Rajesh Malhotra
The tingling is sensed by the patient due to hyperexcitable axons in the initial period of regeneration. Hence it is a usual finding that when the axons are completely matured the tingling sensation is resolved. It may take about eight or ten months for the tingling to be resolved (complete nerve regeneration). It is important for a clinician to determine whether the nerve is regenerating or not but the time to be elapsed for a complete nerve recovery depends on many variables like the velocity of injury, extent of nerve damage, soft tissue conditioning, nutritional status of the patient and are extremely difficult to determine accurately.
B Vitamins
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Miehlke and others, from the Rheumaklinik II in Wiesbaden, Germany, described the hypothetical basis for supplementation of neuromuscular symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis patients with oral supplementation with Neurobion Forte® (50 mg vitamin B1 50 mg vitamin B6, and 250 μg vitamin B12 per tablet).608 Symposiums on Neurobion detailed functional improvements in fine motor control in pentathletes (shooting accuracy),609 reduction of NSAID (Diclofenac®) requirement in acute lumbago,610 greater reduction in pain when combined with Diclofenac for acute lumbago,611 and enhancement of Diclofenac effect in pain reduction for spinal degenerative rheumatic diseases,612 in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in hundreds of patients. Treatment periods lasted from 2 to 8 weeks, and no side effects were attributed to Neurobion. These results were supported by animal studies showing dose-dependent decreases in pain (antinociceptive effects)612–614 and enhancement of nerve regeneration after cold lesion.615 Thus, one oral product containing three B vitamins has documentation as an adjunct for pain relief in degenerative musculoskeletal disorders for short-term (2 to 3 month) periods. Usual daily doses were 300 mg thiamin, 300 mg pyridoxine, and 1.5 mg cyanocobalamin.
The effect of pulsed radiofrequency application on nerve healing after sciatic nerve anastomosis in rats
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Uğur Ö. Bayır, Recep Aksu, Özlem Öz Gergin, Gozde Ozge Onder, Leman Sencar, Eray Günay, Arzu H. Yay, İbrahim Karaman, Cihangir Bicer, Sait Polat
The sciatic nerve of the rat is used frequently in peripheral nerve studies since there is similarity between the anatomical structure of the nerve in rats to that of the human and the dissection of the nerve is relatively easy to identify and to perform technically. Additionally, since the rat sciatic nerve contains axons of different sizes and types and is a polyfascicular mixed type of nerve, motor, and sensory fibers can be evaluated simultaneously. The authors preferred rats in this study to evaluate peripheral nerve regeneration, similar to previous studies.16,17 Peripheral nerve regeneration includes many stages, such as axon budding, growth, and end-organ re-innervation. The methods used to create a crush damage model in the sciatic nerve differ in the literature.9,18 This study chose to incise the sciatic nerve of rats to ensure standardization in the sciatic nerve damage model created in the study. In regeneration studies after peripheral nerve injury, the results were recommended to be evaluated combined with histomorphological and functional tests.16,19,20 Therefore, in this study, SFI was used by performing a walking test in addition to histopathological and functional tests while evaluating peripheral nerve regeneration.
Prospective analysis of a surgical algorithm to achieve ventilator weaning in cervical tetraplegia
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Matthew R. Kaufman, Thomas Bauer, Stuart Campbell, Kristie Rossi, Andrew Elkwood, Reza Jarrahy
Utilizing advanced peripheral nerve microsurgery methods and vascularized muscle flaps it is possible to replace components (or all) of the respiratory system’s neuromuscular apparatus in order to facilitate successful pacing and achieve ventilator weaning. Nerve transfers for diaphragmatic reinnervation in high spinal cord injury were first reported in a series by Krieger and Krieger.7 Additional reports have supported the safety and feasibility of this surgical technique, however success is likely limited by the time from injury to intervention.16–18 Nerve regeneration may occur without the ability for functional muscle activity in longstanding injuries. In the current series, there were six patients who underwent phrenic nerve reconstruction (nerve transfers) simultaneous with pacemaker implantation. The two patients in this group who achieved CW were treated at 1 and 8 months post-injury, respectively, and surgery was performed 8 and 16 months post-injury in the two patients who achieved PW, respectively. All four of these patients began weaning within the first year post-operatively. The two patients designated as NC have begun converting from assist control to spontaneous ventilation (CPAP) for several hours per day, however they have not yet tolerated being completely disconnected from mechanical ventilation. There was a longer interval from injury to treatment in these patients, each undergoing surgery at 17 and 21 months post-injury, respectively.
Potential Effects of Stem Cells Derived from the Peripheral Nerve and Adipose Tissue after the Nerve Crush Injury in Control and Obese Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Elif Kayhan Kustepe, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak, Işınsu Alkan, Elfide Gizem Kivrak, Alişan Yildiran, Stefano Geuna
The peripheral nerve damage is a fairly common problem. The nerve damaged by various reasons has mechanisms that can be self-renewed in the natural process. Peripheral nerve injuries are classified according to different severities. When the damage reaches a certain extent in peripheral nerve injuries, a degeneration process called Wallerian degeneration begins in the nerve. In this process, different changes are observed in the proximal and distal parts of the damaged area, and regeneration proceeds independently. The most important point in nerve regeneration is the physical connection and the nerve whose integrity is disrupted must be brought together physically [16]. Another important issue in this process is that regeneration is affected by body weight. In a study examining obesity and regeneration researchers reported that obesity may cause peripheral neuropathy and decreased cAMP in the median and tibial nerves and a reduction in amplitude of action potential [17]. Watcho et al. (2010) showed that high-fat diet caused pre-diabetic changes and neuropathy in obese rats [18]. However, there are few studies on this subject in the literature [10,18].