China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
These basic elements of the disease prevention strategy presented need to be reinforced with abundant patient education. A huge part of this education is on lifestyle modification, the number one way to prevent cardiovascular disease and a contributor to oral disease. Lifestyle skills need to be taught in physical activity, proper diet, adequate sleep, anxiety management, weight control, nicotine cessation, and mindfulness and connectedness. Of course, oral health maintenance is critical for success. Many of these are all host modulation issues that affect cardiovascular disease and oral disease, and are modifiable by the patient. Many similarities exist between cardiovascular disease and the lifestyle issues that affect periodontal disease. Because of this, there is great opportunity to collaborate on patient education reinforcement between the medical and dental disciplines. The future is bright for medical/dental collaboration for the best overall oral and systemic disease management.
Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The action of neurons is altered at various points throughout the nervous system, a process referred to as neuromodulation. Modulation can either excite (increase) or inhibit (decrease) levels of transmission between neurons. Both stable changes in neuronal activity and the formation of new neurons, known as neurogenesis, are considered the foundations for learning and memory.
Low-Dose Naltrexone
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Adaptive pain is a result of tissue damage either from trauma or surgery and is propagated through the processes of transduction, conduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Transduction involves the release of cytokines and chemokines from nociceptors in the somatic and visceral structures activated by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli. Conduction involves the generation of action potentials by the depolarization of voltage-gated sodium channels. Transmission through afferent nerve fibers causes the release of glutamate and substance P acting as excitatory neurotransmitters, ultimately propagating the pain signal to the thalamus, where the signal is relayed to higher cortical structures. Perception is the result of the pain signals that reach the higher cortical structures becoming a conscious experience. Modulation is the result of many different neurotransmitters and receptor interactions that either strengthen or attenuate the pain signal. Excitatory neurotransmitters involved in pain include glutamate and substance P. Inhibitory neurotransmitters involved in pain include enkephalins, β-endorphins, GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Additionally, NMDA receptors seem to influence opioid receptor responsiveness to exogenous and endogenous opioids.
Updates in the treatment of Eating Disorders in 2022: a year in review in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention
Published in Eating Disorders, 2023
Cassandra E. Friedlich, Andrea Covarrubias, Hyoungjin Park, Stuart B. Murray
A recent literature review overviewing neurosurgical and neuromodulatory procedures to target EDs—specifically AN—has shown promising evidence of their value as future treatment options (Murray et al., 2022). The literature review assessed 20 different trials of various brain-based neuromodulatory interventions for severe and chronic AN, including stereotactic ablation, deep brain stimulation (DBS), rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation). Cumulatively, this emerging evidence base suggests that stereotactic ablation and DBS show promising results, while rTMS and tDCS showed modest and mixed results. While this review acknowledges the relatively low sample size of studies, which limits the generalizability of the efficacy of the novel treatments, this review also notes the absence of long-term follow-up data, which is critical in documenting the long-term effects of each intervention, respectively. Importantly, with the relatively lower efficacy of noninvasive approaches, such as rTMS and tDCS, future efforts may seek to improve the methodology, dosing, or administrative site of the treatments, ultimately offering improved options around non-invasive yet efficacious methods of brain modulation.
Monaural and binaural phase sensitivity in school-age children with early-childhood otitis media
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Shno Koiek, Christian Brandt, Jesper Hvass Schmidt, Tobias Neher
To assess sensitivity to monaural phase information, RFMD threshold measurements similar to those described by Kortlang, Mauermann, and Ewert (2016) were performed. For each participant, the left and right ears were tested separately and in random order. On any given trial, all three intervals contained a tone with random AM. In addition, the tone in the target interval contained random frequency modulation (FM). Random AM was applied to rule out the availability of AM cues, as caused by FM-to-AM conversion inside the cochlea (Zwicker 1962), for the detection of the FM-modulated target tones. The AM was carried out at a rate of 1–4 Hz with a root-mean-square (RMS) depth of 12 dB. The FM was also carried out at a rate of 1–4 Hz. The rate of the modulation changed randomly within this range. The FM depth was controlled by the RMS deviation of the instantaneous frequency finst from the nominal test frequency fc. The RMS FM depth was the ratio between the RMS frequency excursion and the nominal test frequency, ΔfRMS/fc. For example, for a tone with a nominal frequency of 500 Hz and an RMS frequency excursion of 50 Hz the RMS FM depth would correspond to 10%.
Investigation of the toxicological and inhibitory effects of some benzimidazole agents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
The central cholinergic system is a complex component of cell bodies and dendrites. Cerebral blood flow, cortical plasticity and cognitive performance, and learning-memory processes such as activity, sleep-wake cycle (Pfaller et al.2017). It has an important role in controlling many different functions such as modulation. Cholinergic is basal anterior brain. The presence of neurons was first reported by Shute and Lewis in 1967 and then by other researchers, confirmed by (Gonca Koçancı and Aslım 2016). Anatomically, the central cholinergic system represents a wide range neuronal network in the nervous system. The central and peripheral nervous system of adults transport intracellular alerts. Cholinacyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholine (ACh), cholinesterases (Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), cholinergic receptors (muscarinic receptors (MR) and nicotinic receptors (NR)) are components of the cholinergic system (Aslan et al.2018). AChE, neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular synapses which rapidly hydrolyze into choline and acetate playing an important role in the transmission of cholinergic nerve and is one of the most effective enzymes in the nervous system (Weinreb et al.2004).