China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dementia
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Giving the patient a series of words to remember is a simple test of memory. A person who is able to recall words after clues are given is more likely to have a subcortical deficit that impairs memory retrieval rather than memory formation. Orientation questions (day, month, year, etc.) also tests the ability to form new memories. The non-dominant lobe predominantly determines visuospatial memory. Asking the person to remember and then reproduce images can test this. Remote memory (e.g. recalling the dates of World War II) is more dependent on cortical processes than the limbic system (see page 117).
Working with the child, parents/carers and practitioners
Published in Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole, Sensory Motor Activities for Early Development, 2020
Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole
Once a memory has been stored in the long-term memory, the retrieval of information is required. Although there are many theories on memory retrieval, a general view suggests two main types: recall, where we actively search our memory to retrieve stored information; and recognition, where we decide whether we have encountered this information before (Ratcliff 1978).
Caffeine and arousal: a biobehavioral theory of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Barry D. Smith, Kenneth Tola, Mark Mann
One study demonstrated that caffeine has cholinergic properties that can enhance cognitive functioning. In this investigation, the result was improved performance on short- and long-term memory retrieval, reading speed, and encoding efficiency.142 In another study,143 it was found that caffeine improves memory consolidation. Caffeine has also been shown to counteract the detrimental effects of aging on general memory performance.125
Systems consolidation and fear memory generalisation as a potential target for trauma-related disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Lizeth K. Pedraza, Rodrigo O. Sierra, Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
Extensive research with animal models also corroborates these results since recent, but not remote memory, is affected by hippocampal lesion (Winocur 1990; Anagnostaras et al. 1999; Maviel et al. 2004). For instance, electrolytic lesions or pharmacological inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus impairs memory for contextual fear conditioning (CFC) when performed recently after training, but not in remote timepoints (Kim and Fanselow 1992; Winocur et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2016). This pattern of temporally retrograde amnesia has been consistently described in different studies (Anagnostaras et al. 1999, Winocur 1990; Winocur et al. 2001; Maviel et al. 2004), and suggest a decreasing involvement of hippocampal activity in memory retrieval over time. Based on these reports, different theories have been formulated pointing out the role of hippocampal/cortical interactions supporting memory.
Reducing age-related Memory Deficits: The Roles of Environmental Support and self-initiated Processing Activities
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Against this general background, Craik (1983, 1986) proposed that memory retrieval processes may also be described in terms of an interaction between internal neural processes and external environmental events; not simply that the environment provides cues to trigger retrieval operations, but that the processing of external objects and events forms an integral part of both encoding and retrieval activities. In the 1983 article, he stressed the similarity between remembering and perceiving, and also (following Kolers, 1973) that retrieval processes are not seen as a “search” for wanted traces, but as a reinstatement of the original encoding operations. In summary, “the present proposal is that remembering and perceiving are essentially similar. Both should be thought of as mental activities, as opposed to mental objects or contents, and both reflect interactions between incoming information (stimulus patterns or retrieval cues) and the mental representation of the organism’s accumulated past experiences” (Craik, 1983, p. 345). A further implication of this position is that inadequate processing within the organism may be “repaired” by drawing on relevant information from the environment, which thereby complements internally generated information in the reconstruction (or reinstatement) of the original encoding operations.
Cognitive training in an everyday-like virtual reality enhances visual-spatial memory capacities in stroke survivors with visual field defects
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2020
Lorenz B. Dehn, Martina Piefke, Max Toepper, Agnes Kohsik, Andreas Rogalewski, Eugen Dyck, Mario Botsch, Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
For visual memory retrieval after a delay of 30 min, repeated measures ANOVA did not result in the main effects of training (p = .128) or group (p = .587) (statistical ANOVA parameters are provided in Table S3). However, results revealed a significant training x group interaction (p = .036, ηp2 = .12), indicating that the VR training program differentially affected pre- and post-training performances of stroke patients with visual field defects and healthy controls. In fact, exploratory post hoc comparisons indicated that the patients group showed significantly improved visual memory retrieval performances after the training (p = .019, d = .60, Figure 4(a)) and reached a performance level equivalent to that of healthy controls. For immediate visual memory retrieval after a delay of 3 min, results indicated a similar trend (interaction: p = .059, ηp2 = .10; training: p = .217; group: p = .497).