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Exercise as neuroenhancer in children with ADHD
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Sebastian Ludyga, Serge Brand, Markus Gerber, Uwe Pühse
Moreover, this disorder is also characterized by a hypocatecholaminergic state affecting regions of the frontal lobe (Prince, 2008). Interestingly, exercise has been shown to increase the expression of catecholamines, with an exponential increase in concentration occurring when the individual trains above the anaerobic threshold (Zouhal, Jacob, Delamarche, & Gratas-Delamarche, 2008). Whereas a low to moderate release of dopamine and noradrenaline is related to improvements of working memory, inhibition and attention regulation, a higher expression of these neurotransmitters impairs executive control due to severe neural traffic (Arnsten & Li, 2005; Cai & Arnsten, 1997). If moderate aerobic exercise triggers a similar release of dopamine and noradrenaline in children with ADHD, a facilitation of the hypocatecholaminergic state might partly explain exercise-induced benefits for cognition. In this case, the physiological effect of exercise would be similar to the effect of pharmacological treatments in ADHD, which positively influence information processing by augmenting the neurotransmission of dopamine and noradrenaline in the PFC (Del Campo et al., 2011).
Systems IntegrationPsychoneuroimmunology
Published in Len Wisneski, The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health, 2017
Neuropeptides and classic neurotransmitters can coexist in the same neuron. It seems that this coexistence promotes discrete behavioral effects. For example, the functional interactions between a neuropeptide, called galanin, and the classic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, appear to be related to memory inhibition, and there is some suggestion that the mitigation of this interaction may benefit those suffering from various types of dementia (Crawley, 1990).
Imaging Cognition in the Aging Human Brain
Published in David R. Riddle, Brain Aging, 2007
The neural correlates of cognitive performance during normal aging are complex and varied. Older adults exhibit declines not only in memory performance, but also in several processes related to attentional control, including working memory, inhibition, and task switching. Normal aging appears primarily associated with changes in the prefrontal cortex and a set of related neural networks, including frontal-parietal and frontal-striatal networks. Age-related changes in volume, dopaminergic neurotransmission, and functional activation within these systems appear to underlie, to a large extent, the behavioral differences observed during normal aging. Memory deficits in normal older adults may be attributable to failures of connections between these prefrontal networks and the medial temporal systems that underlie memory function. In contrast, pathological aging processes associated with MCI and Alzheimer’s disease appear to directly and severely affect medial temporal lobe memory systems, while not affecting the prefrontal networks to as large a degree. This dissociation between normal and pathological aging processes allows researchers to better isolate the causes and consequences of normal aging and its relationship to cognition. Further developments in functional and structural imaging methods will undoubtedly bring new answers while raising new questions about the relationships between functional neuroanatomy and behavioral performance during normal aging.
Psychometric properties of the childhood executive functioning inventory (CHEXI): A confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance by sex and age in Iranian children
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Ali Mashhadi, Zahra Hosseinzadeh Maleki, Jafar Hasani, Kazem Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei, Shirin Saleh
Although the two-factor and the four-factor models were fit the data moderately fine, the two-factor solution of the CHEXI (working memory, inhibition) has the best fit with the observed data as indicated the marginally better values of alternative fit indices. It should be pointed that the importance of working memory and inhibition as the fundamental EF functions are consistent with several theoretical models, including those proposed by Barkley (1997) and Engle and Kane (2004). Consistent with the results of the present study, confirmatory factor analysis replicated the two-factor solution in children aged 4–11 years in Turkey (Kayhan, 2010), France (5-6 and 8–11 years) (Catale et al., 2013; Catale et al., 2015), Spain (6-11 years) (Gutierrez et al., 2021), and in English-speaking children (3-5 years) (Camerota et al., 2016). According to Camerota et al. (2018), the fit between the two models is indistinguishable. Also, high latent correlations between the working memory and planning factors and the inhibition and regulation factors indicate that the four-factor model is pointless (Camerota et al., 2018).
Cognition, psychosocial functioning, and health-related quality of life among childhood cancer survivors
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Valerie Siegwart, Valentin Benzing, Janine Spitzhuettl, Mirko Schmidt, Michael Grotzer, Maja Steinlin, Kurt Leibundgut, Claudia Roebers, Regula Everts
Despite good intellectual functioning, the CC survivors demonstrated significantly poorer performances on the tests of executive functions, verbal memory, selective attention, and processing speed than the healthy controls, such as previously stated (Ellenberg et al., 2009; Krull et al., 2018; Peterson et al., 2019). The largest group effects emerged for working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. This indicates that the effects of CC on cognitive functioning may largely converge on the domains that necessitate higher-order cognitive processes (Krull et al., 2018; Van Der Plas et al., 2018). The cognitive flexibility of survivors with CNS involvement was poorer than that of their counterparts without CNS involvement and irrespective of whether completion time or the number of errors served as the dependent variable, the effect sizes were large. This pattern of results did not emerge for the other domains of executive functions. Thus, when cognitive demands increase, subgroup differences become more pronounced. In particular, CC and its treatment appear to affect the cognitive functions that mature slowly and that are only about to be established at time of diagnosis or during the later developmental stages (Anderson et al., 2011).
Feasibility and acceptability of the multicontext approach for individuals with acquired brain injury in acute inpatient rehabilitation: A single case series
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Abhishek Jaywant, Chelsea Steinberg, Alyson Lee, Joan Toglia
A minimum of six structured or pre-assembled activities across a minimum of three sessions were used. These activities were selected from activity kits by therapists based on the client’s cognitive profile and performance errors. Pre-made activity kits included directions and everyday materials such as menus, schedules, business cards, or food circulars were available, along with guidelines for using and positioning the materials. The activities are designed to place similar demands on specific cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory, inhibition) to build self-awareness and observe strategy transfer. An example includes keeping track of 3–4 items from a list and determining if any of the items are in a kitchen cabinet. Six structured activities were completed by the majority of clients by the fourth session. The first session typically took longer and included one activity, whereas sessions two and three typically included two activities to provide the opportunity to immediately observe learning and carryover.