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Clinical Sequelae and Functional Outcomes
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
These effects are temporary—hence thought to be the cause of short-term memory. Long-term memory is when the physiology of the neurons actually changes, yielding differential mechanical structures, hence enabling long-term memories. This is similar to changing the way a circuit board works when adding more transistors, resistors, etc., fundamentally changing the way signals are processed. Long-term memory effect is achieved by continuous long-term potentiation (which are initially created by NMDA receptor losing the Mg2+ block, allowing Ca2+ rush with the condition that action potential originates at the presynaptic neuron and not the postsynaptic neuron) resulting in transcriptional activity coding additional receptors, synapse junctions, and proteins that change neuron operating dynamics. Figure 1.4 illustrates the basic structure and function of the neuron including the myelin sheath and neurotransmission.
Sleep Promoting Improvement of Declarative Memory
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Implicit memory can also come about from priming. You are “primed” by your experiences; if you have heard something very recently, or many more times than another thing, you are primed to recall it more quickly. For instance, if you were asked to name an American city that starts with the letters “Ch,” you would most likely answer Chicago, unless you have a close personal connection to our recent experience with another “Ch” city (Charlotte, Cheyenne, Charleston…) because you have heard about Chicago more often. In the brain, the neural pathways representing things we have experienced more often are more salient than those for things with which we have fewer experiences. As with short-term memory, long-term memory can weaken with age or cognitive conditions. For example, it can be harder to complete a procedure that was previously quite easy for you. You might forget a step to baking a cake you’ve baked a hundred times, and that you thought you had firmly committed to memory.
Methods for assigning impairment
Published in Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam, Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
Memory function is defined as a mental process to register, store and retrieve information (54). Short-term memory refers to a mental process of storing information for about 30 seconds, and vanishes otherwise it consolidates into long-term memory (55). In recent memory (or) short-term memory, the person listens and remembers the given name and address (or) the names of three objects and repeats immediately (registration) and after 3–5 minutes (recall or retrieval). Long-term memory function refers to a mental process of storing information from short-term memory, autobiographical memory and semantic memory in the long-term storage system (55). A long-term memory lasts from weeks to lifetime and contains the memory of personal experience and knowledge. Autobiographical memory refers to the ability of the person to remember his/her background. It includes the capacity to remember whether he/she hails from a rural (or) urban area, childhood—name of the school in which he/she studied, early adult life—the name of the institution and date of the first employment (to be verified by the family members).
Learnings in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: what do we know?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Martina Giorgia Perinelli, Antonella Riva, Elisabetta Amadori, Roberta Follo, Pasquale Striano
Memory is a term for a wide range of phenomena that involves storing and retrieving information [22,23]. It can be divided into working memory, short-term and long-term memory. At three to six months, infants learn by novel stimuli that a movement evokes a response [23]. The memory system utilizes circuits within the limbic-diencephalic regions of the brain, together with neocortical regions [22,24]. The mesial portion of the temporal lobes, especially the hippocampus, plays a critical role in memorizing process. The DEEs may impair the development of memory skills and later lateralization [1,23,24]. Arski and colleagues [24] found out that children with epilepsy undergoing stereo electroencephalography intracranial monitoring were more likely to experience impaired hippocampal phase precision and longer reaction times during working memory tasks.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Art Therapy: Case Study
Published in Art Therapy, 2022
Patricia Marco, Rosa Redolat, Helena Maria Sáez
From a neuroscientific point of view, artistic activity is a complex task encompassing visual, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes (King et al., 2019). In neurological conditions (such as PSP), when mind and body work together to create an artwork, a certain degree of action or movement (physical, tactile manipulation) is required and may evoke a process of emotional exploration (Elkis-Abuhoff & Gaydos, 2018). In degenerative diseases, artistic creations could stimulate brain areas that are still preserved (Galbiati, 2020) or even those that are compromised by the disease (Elkis-Abuhoff & Gaydos, 2018). The process of creation involves the development of cognitive processes such as: (a) visuospatial, visuoconstructive, and visuoperceptive skills (Cucca et al., 2018); (b) activation of motor processes, such as fine and gross movement coordination, or hand-eye coordination necessary to build the artwork or manipulate art materials; (c) sustained attention, procedural, working and long-term memory (Yu et al., 2021); and (d) executive functions such as the ability to choose, plan, organize, select and sequence visual images.
Electrical lesion of bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex impairs fear- and space-related learning and affects subsequent choice behavior
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Zheng Chu, Peng Liu, Gang Lei, Fei Liu, Lisha Deng, Liu Yang, Shaofu Li, Yiming Wang, Yonghui Dang
long-term memory. In this test, animals try to restrain themselves from entering the adverse stimulus (such as a foot-shock)-paired chamber. The present experiment aimed to test the short-term memory of rats in the passive avoidance test. The conditioning and testing instrument consisted of a shuttle box (Med Associates, St. Albans, Vermont) equipped with automatic door to separate two compartments of equal size. The front, back, and ceiling of the shuttle box were transparent plexiglass, and the sides were aluminum. Underneath are stainless steel bars with 5 mm in diameter and spaced 1.1 cm apart. One of the compartments’ light was turned on during test, and the another’s was turned off with the compartment covered by a black cloth. So, during the experiment the two compartments were divided into illuminated and dark compartments. In the acquisition phase, a rat was placed in the illuminated compartment. After 30 s, the automatic door was opened and the rat spontaneously entered the dark compartment after some seconds (T1). Then the door was shut down 1 s after the crossing and a 0.5 mA, 3 s duration foot shock was given through the grid floor delivered by a shock source. 24 h later (retention phase), the same procedure was repeated without a 30s delay to open the door and an electric shock. This time rats entered the dark box was recorded as T2 (15).