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Deception and Psychosis
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
In a study investigating the neural substrates of dishonesty as a component of psychopathy, Abe, Greene, and Kiehl (2018) utilized fMRI with a sample of incarcerated Ss (N = 67). The effort was directed at testing the hypothesis that psychopathic individuals would evidence reduced ACC activity when placed in an experimentally designed situation of dishonest gain. The findings were that higher psychopathy scores (as determined by Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores; Hare 2003), reflected lower ACC activity with experimentally induced dishonesty. The authors noted the functional interaction between the left ACC and the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (Miller & Cohen, 2001) and hypothesized that the mediating control function of these networked, prefrontal cortical areas exerted a role in the findings.
Posttraumatic Personality Disorders
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Emotions help coordinate responses to such evolutionarily relevant scenarios as threat. They are associated with specific autonomic profiles and stereotyped, recognized facial expressions. Voluntary suppression of emotional displays affects the magnitude of behavioral and autonomic responses to the emotional stimulus. Disruption of the coordination of multisystem emotional responses may be the cause of the emotional dysregulation seen in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and frontotemporal dementia. Neural circuits in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) are important for voluntary emotional regulation (Woolley et al., 2004). The emotional life and personality style of a TBI patient influence a wide range of functions, with implications for understanding behavior in the community and the inner emotional experience of the patient. Personality style and change has to be considered in assessing performance on formal assessment procedures. Adaptation and outcome are influenced by personality and affect in various domains: cognition; reaction to pain and impairment; motivation to recuperate; quality of life (QOL); outcome; diagnosis; impaired performance; recognition of emotions (personal or insight), and others (empathy and emotional intelligence). In the community, personality changes may adversely affect interpersonal relationships, psychosocial outcome, and qualification for services and compensation.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the human brain essentially comprises BRODMANN'S AREAS 9, 46 and 45, from superior to inferior. In non-human primates, two subdivisions of the lateral prefrontal cortex are generally recognized, a dorsal area equivalent to area 9 and the superior part of area 46, and a ventral area comprising the inferior part of area 46 and area 45. In the macaque brain, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is usually viewed as the area surrounding the PRINCIPAL SULCUS, but variations in nomenclature of this area of cortex based on cytoarchitectonic distinctions (see CYTOARCHITECTURE) makes it difficult to be categorical about precisely which areas of cortex are included. Generally, it includes areas 9 and 46, but also rostral parts of area 8 (FRONTAL EYE FIELDS). Major afferents to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex arise in the DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS, but thalamic afferents also arise in the medial pulvinar and ventral anterior nuclei. It receives long association, cortico-cortical, fibres from the posterior and middle SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS and from the PARIETAL CORTEX. Within the FRONTAL LOBE, afferents arise in the frontal pole (area 10) and the MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (area 32). It projects to the SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA, dorsal premotor cortex and frontal eye field. All these thalamic and cortical connections are reciprocal. This area of the prefrontal cortex is associated with EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS, including planning, attentional set-shifting and short-term spatial working-memory processes.
Reducing age-related Memory Deficits: The Roles of Environmental Support and self-initiated Processing Activities
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Other examples involving age-related differences in cognitive control include an article by Kirchhoff (2009) who examined the role of self-initiated encoding strategies in episodic memory, and a review article by Morrow and Rogers (2008) who developed an integrated framework to examine the role of environmental support in the fields of human factors and cognitive aging. Finally, in an article related to the present concerns, Spreng and Turner (2019) emphasized the closely coupled relationship between age-related declines in executive functioning and an increased reliance on semantic knowledge. The authors propose that there is an age-related increased coupling of the brain’s default mode network (DMN) to processes in the lateral prefrontal cortex; reduced suppression of the DMN by frontal control processes allows greater access to prior knowledge representations. They also point to the necessity of bringing task relevance into the analysis; if older individuals’ knowledge is relevant to the task, performance will benefit, but if their current knowledge is irrelevant or distracting, performance will decline. Overall, Spreng and Turner’s ideas make for an impressive amalgamation of concepts and findings in neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience.
Measurement of everyday dysexecutive symptoms in normal aging with the Greek version of the dysexecutive questionnaire-revised
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Maria Dimitriadou, Michalis P. Michaelides, Andrew Bateman, Fofi Constantinidou
On the other hand, Loschiavo-Alvares and colleagues (2013) in an exploratory factor analysis, supported a three-factor solution (Social-self regulation: functions related to Orbitofrontal Circuit; Motivation and Attention: functions related to Anterior Cingulate Circuit; and Flexibility, Fluency, Working memory: functions related to Dorsolateral Circuit), for the self-version of DEX-R in a sample of bipolar patients. The informant DEX-R factor structure was not explored in that study. This factor structure is based on Fuster’s (2008) theory about the 3 major regions of the prefrontal cortex (lateral, orbital and medial prefrontal cortex). According to this theory, each region is associated with different types of symptoms. Damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex is mostly associated with increased distractibility, perseveration, problems with working memory and/or organisation. Damage to the orbital prefrontal cortex is mostly associated with irritability, disinhibition, impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to social rules. Finally, damage to the medial prefrontal cortex is mostly associated with apathy and lack of motivation.
Decision making under stress: mild hypoxia leads to increased risk-taking
Published in Stress, 2020
Stefania Pighin, Nicolao Bonini, Constantinos Hadjichristidis, Federico Schena, Lucia Savadori
The same pattern of findings has been observed when looking at neural activations. Whereas some findings support an overlap in the neural activation of participants choosing under risk and under ambiguity (e.g. Levy et al., 2010) other findings have revealed distinct neural patterns between these decision contexts (e.g. Huettel, Stowe, Gordon, Warner, & Platt, 2006) showing that the posterior inferior frontal sulcus (pIFS) within lateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior insular cortex (aINS), and the posterior parietal cortex (pPAR) have a significantly different activation between gambles involving ambiguity and those involving risk. It has been suggested that greater activation in pIFS plays a particularly important role in behavioral flexibility which is a requirement for successfully dealing with ambiguity (Huettel et al., 2006).