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Brainstem and Cardiovascular Regulation
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
Ching-Jiunn Tseng, Che-Se Tung
The precise origin of each descending vasomotor pathway from supraspinal sites is still not clear. Mono or polysynaptic connections may be involved. A monosynaptic pathway between cells in the caudal raphe nuclei and sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat spinal cord have been reported recently (Bacon, Zagon and Smith, 1990). The descending pathways arise from several bulbar excitatory and inhibitory nuclei, over which both tonic and reflex control of the activity in sympathetic preganglionic neurons occurs. The excitatory pathways are in the dorsal lateral part of the lateral funiculus, which normally mediates the tonic activity of the intermediolateral motor neurons in intact animals. The descending inhibitory pathways have been located in the dorsal lateral funiculus and in the ventrolateral ventral funiculus. Both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are involved in this descending inhibition (Lewis and Coote, 1991; Zagon and Bacon, 1991). There is evidence that the descending inhibitory pathways are involved in the modulation of baroreceptor reflexes (Coote and MacLeod, 1974).
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
The spinal cord consists of butterfly-shaped gray matter, surrounded by three columns or funiculi of white matter—the ventral, lateral, and dorsal funiculi. The corticospinal tract descends the spinal cord in the lateral funiculus, while the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway (represented by gracile and cuneate fasciculi), is contained in the posterior funiculus. An imaginary coronal line through the central canal divides the gray matter into anterior and posterior horns or columns. Ventral nerve roots emerge from the ventral gray horns, while the dorsal nerve roots enter the dorsal gray horns. In the thoracic region, the posterolateral part of the anterior column is termed the intermediolateral column, which contains the preganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system. The intermediolateral column from T1 to L2 spinal segments gives rise to sympathetic axons, while that from the S2, S3, and S4 spinal segments give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Paper 3 Answers
Published in James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal, Get Through, 2014
James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal
Nociceptive information is transmitted from the dorsal horn to the thalamus and higher centres via the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts. There is also transmission through the spinoreticular and spinomesencephalic tract. These collectively make up the antero-lateral funiculus. The spinothalamic tract ascends a few segments and then decussates to the contralateral side through the ventral white commissure.
PU.1 interaction with p50 promotes microglial-mediated inflammation in secondary spinal cord injury in SCI rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Mingchen Yu, Yiqing Ou, Hongmei Wang, Weidong Gu
The number of PU.1-positive cells on the spinal cord sections taken at 2 mm from the injury epicenter was counted in 500 × 500 μm frames. For each animal, the transverse sections of the dorsal horn, lateral funiculus, and ventral horn were selected. The cell counts were then used to determine the total number of PU.1-positive cells per square millimeter. The percentage of cells that stained positive for PU.1 or p-p50 was also quantified. The cells double stained with PU.1 and NeuN, GFAP, or Iba-1, as well as cells double stained with PU.1 and OX42 or p-p50, were also quantified. To identify the proportion of PU.1-expressing cells with positive expression of specific phenotypic markers, a minimum of 200 cells positive for the specific phenotypic markers in the white and gray matter of the sections were included. We then recorded the number of cells double-labeled with PU.1 and cell-specific markers. Two or three adjacent sections taken at 2 mm from the injury epicenter were used for quantitative analysis.
Selection of preferred thermal environment and cold-avoidance responses in rats rely on signals transduced by the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord
Published in Temperature, 2023
Robson C.L. Vizin, Maria C. Almeida, Renato N. Soriano, Andrej A. Romanovsky
The neural pathways mediating most thermoregulatory behaviors, including the selection of Tpr, are not fully established [2]. Yahiro et al. [15] reported that the inactivation of neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) suppressed innocuous cold- and warmth-avoidance behaviors in rats. This finding agrees with our results (M. C. Almeida and A. A. Romanovsky, unpublished observation; reviewed in Ref. [2]) showing that bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the LPB attenuated warmth-seeking response to cold exposure in rats in a thermogradient apparatus. It has also been thoroughly documented that the LPB is involved in pathways controlling physiological thermoeffectors, and that it receives thermal information from the periphery, including the skin, through the spinoparabrachial tract [16]. The latter ascends in the spinal cord within the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus, which we refer to in this paper as the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) (reviewed in Refs. [17,18]).
The neural pathway of the hyperthermic response to antagonists of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel
Published in Temperature, 2023
Andras Garami, Alexandre A. Steiner, Eszter Pakai, Samuel P. Wanner, M. Camila Almeida, Patrik Keringer, Daniela L. Oliveira, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Shaun F. Morrison, Andrej A. Romanovsky
Bilateral cervical funiculotomy. This surgery was performed as described in a parallel study in our laboratory [30]. The skin over the upper back, neck, and head was shaved and scrubbed. The skin was incised over the vertebral column at the level of the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2, respectively), and the underlying muscles were retracted. A partial laminectomy was performed at the C1 level to expose the spinal cord from a dorsal approach. Then, the dura mater was cut with eye scissors, thus opening the subdural space. Next, a micro knife was used to make a shallow transversal incision aimed at transecting the dorsal aspect of the lateral funiculus (dorsolateral funiculus, DLF) at C1. These procedures were performed bilaterally. A fat pad was inserted in the laminectomy defect, and muscles and skin were sutured in layers. After the thermophysiological experiments were completed, the successful interruption of ascending nociceptive pathways was confirmed in each rat by immersing its tail into a 75% ethanol solution in water (−18°C) and measuring the latency of the tail-flick response [30]. In each rat, the completeness of the bilateral lesion of the DLF was verified histologically, as described by Vizin et al. [30]; only rats having a lesion covering >50% of the targeted area on each side of the spinal cord at C1 were considered to have a “complete” lesion.