China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell: Accumbal Compartments and Their Functional Attributes
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Ariel Y. Deutch, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Daniel S. Zahm
These biochemical data are consistent with the presence of multiple mesoprefrontal cortical DA systems that can be functionally dissociated. The DA innervation of the infralimbic/ventral prelimbic portion of the PFC was particularly responsive to stress. Previous anatomical data have emphasized the connections of the infralimbic cortex with classical autonomic areas,94,183,184 and physiological data are consistent with the involvement of the infralimbic cortex in autonomic function.185,186 It is therefore not surprising that the DA innervation to this region would be the most sensitive to stress.
The Internal Milieu Brain and Body
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The integrated afferent information (spinal cord and cranial nerves) enables neurons at multiple levels of the CNS to generate specific response patterns along the lines of functionally related groups. These patterns are integrated at different brainstem levels with parasympathetic, endocrine, and behavioral components. Individual pattern generators at different levels of the neuraxis are hierarchically arranged, allowing individual response patterns to become part of larger responses. For example, pattern generators interact for vascular responses to emotional stress and fight-or-flight reactions. The infralimbic cortex serves as an emotional motor cortex. It receives input from prelimbic and cingular areas. It ensures that emotional reactions are linked to autonomic and endocrine responses by projections to the hypothalamus and ventrolateral medulla. The hypothalamic pattern generators activate a coordinated pattern of autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses. The hypothalamus activates a region of the periaqueductal gray (midbrain), which creates a pattern to different structures involving vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased cardiac output, and adrenal secretion. This pattern is due to its integration with a medullary response controlling tissue perfusion in different areas and release of CRH. Functioning at different levels, different combinations of pattern generators produce the entire range of highly differentiated, complex patterns necessary to maintain homeostasis and defense against threat (Saper, 2002).
Genetic and epigenetic studies of opioid abuse disorder – the potential for future diagnostics
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Sarah Abdulmalek, Gary Hardiman
The prelimbic cortex (PrL) of the PFC plays a primary role in the compulsive drug seeking behavior, which is manifested by the persistence of drug seeking even with the anticipation of aversive consequences [17]. On the other hand, the infralimbic cortex (IL) is known to play a crucial role in the acquisition and the expression of habitual behavior and extinction learning [18]. Projections from the PFC to the NAc and the resulting behavioral outcome can be defined by the involved subregions. Projections to the NAc core originate from the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and are responsible for maintaining drug-cues association [19], whereas the NAc shell receives projections from the infralimbic cortex (IL) [20] and this is responsible for the drug-context association [21]. Moreover, the PrL-NAc core and the IL-NAc shell have been found to drive the relapse process of addiction [15].
Fat rather than sugar diet leads to binge-type eating, anticipation, effort behavior and activation of the corticolimbic system
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Estefania Espitia-Bautista, Carolina Escobar
Rats were anaesthetized and perfused with saline (0.9%), followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), brains were removed, and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose solution. Brains were cut in sections of 40 µm with a cryostat at −18°C and organized in 4 series. One series was incubated for 72 h (4°C) in rabbit polyclonal c-Fos protein primary antibody (1:1000. SC-52-G, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and another series was incubated in FosB/ ΔFosB protein primary antibody (1:1000 FOSB (102) SC-48, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline, 0.25% nutritive gelatin and 0.5% triton. Brains were processed according to the avidin biotin method [13]. Sections were mounted on gelatin-coated glasses, dehydrated in a series of alcohols, cleared with xylene and coverslipped with Entellan (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Sections of the Prelimbic Cortex (PLCx), Infralimbic Cortex (ILCx), Accumbens Core (CORE), Accumbens Shell (SHELL) and Insular Cortex (INSCx) were identified with the atlas of Paxinos and Watson. Three sections were chosen for each area. According to Bregma, selected sections were located in the following antero-posterior coordinates: PLCx and ILCx = +3.72, +3.00 and 2.52 mm; CORE, SHELL and INSCx = +2.16, +1.56 and + 1.08 mm. Sections were observed with an optical microscope (LEICA DM500) and microphotographs were obtained with a 20X magnification. All c-Fos and ΔFosB positive cells contained in that area (1.26 mm2) were counted with the Image J program using the automatic threshold tool.
Chronic intermittent ethanol administration differentially alters DeltaFosB immunoreactivity in cortical-limbic structures of rats with high and low alcohol preference
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
Tatiana Wscieklica, Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf, Leandro Prearo, Rafael Conte, Milena de Barros Viana, Isabel Cristina Céspedes
A heavy episodic drinking pattern is considered an initial step in developing alcohol use disorder and is known to impair neuroplasticity (12). Koob and Volkow (5) have described specific cerebral areas and complex neurocircuits involved in the three phases related to substance use disorder. The intoxication phase mainly involves the reward system (ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens) and positive reinforcement through use of the substance. The amygdala (particularly the central division) plays a key role in the withdrawal phase or absence of the substance. Associated with the hypothalamus and brainstem, the amygdala promotes negative feelings and stress, which are powerful inducers of the use of substances as a negative reinforcement. Our research group previously showed the role of the medial amygdala in this negative emotional context (13). The prefrontal cortex (orbital, medial or prelimbic/infralimbic and cingulate) and hippocampus are known to have a key role in the craving phase and the preoccupation with drug acquisition. The basolateral amygdala also participates in this phase. According to Millan et al. (14), the prelimbic cortex is associated with drug seeking behavior, and the infralimbic cortex is related to the extinction of this behavior.