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Types of Sleep Disturbances in Women
Published in Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman, Sleep and Women's Health, 2019
Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman
In 2000, the brains of narcolepsy sufferers were examined postmortem. Researchers found that cells related to the production of hypocretin had disappeared. This is an autoimmune disease, in which the body attacks itself and kills only those cells. Scientists have yet to discover why this happens. The disease does have a genetic aspect—if one family member suffers from narcolepsy, the chance of another family member to suffer from it is slightly higher; however, it is not a classic hereditary disease.
Sleep Problems In Children
Published in Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan, Diagnosing and Treating Common Problems in Paediatrics, 2017
Michael B O’Neill, Michelle Mary Mcevoy, Alf J Nicholson, Terence Stephenson, Stephanie Ryan
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder of rapid eye movement sleep characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden and transient loss of muscle tone often triggered by emotion), hypnogogic or hypnopompic hallucinations (vivid, dreamlike experiences that occur while falling asleep or upon awakening), sleep paralysis and sleep fragmentation. Many symptoms of narcolepsy can occur in patients who are sleep deprived. However, only cataplexy is unique to narcolepsy and indicates that the cause is due to a lack of the hypothalamic neuropeptide hypocretin. Hypocretin is involved in the regulation of the activity of norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine cell groups. There is a strong association with HLA 0602. There are several reports of an association between the H1N1 2009 vaccine and the development of narcolepsy.
The Internal Milieu Brain and Body
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Hypocretins: The hypocretin system and the circadian seem to exchange activation. The hypocretins are two peptides that are synthesized exclusively in the lateral, posterior, and perifornical hypothalamus. They project to such monoaminergic centers as the LC noradrenergic, raphe nucleus (serotonergic), and ventral tegmental (dopaminergic) areas. Hypocretin is an excitatory neuropeptide that activates multiple neuromodulatory systems involved in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior. It activates neuromodulatory cell groups during wakefulness, but less so during slow-wave sleep. Its role during REM sleep is uncertain. While low hypocretin levels have been observed after head trauma, and may result in sleepiness, disturbed capacity to sleep seems more characteristic. Hypocretins may be important in HPA regulation during arousal, and in vagally mediated gastric acid secretion, SNS activation, and cardiovascular function (increased BP and heart rate). This arousal effect may modulate autonomic and sensory functions of the spinal cord, promote energy consumption, produce hyperthermia, and simulate sympathetic tone (Taheri et al., 2006).
The impact of the HLA DQB1 gene and amino acids on the development of narcolepsy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Leila Kachooei-Mohaghegh-yaghoobi, Fatemeh Rezaei-Rad, Khosro Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, Mahdi Zamani
Narcolepsy is a disabling neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (muscle atonia triggered by emotions), hypnagogic hallucination and sleep paralysis. The probable causes of the disease are autoimmunity and the lack of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-hypocretin. Depending on the ethnicity, the prevalence of Narcolepsy varies between 0.02% and 0.16% in different populations. The first-degree relatives have a risk of 2% to develop Narcolepsy which is up to 10–40% times higher than the prevalence of Narcolepsy (0.02–0.06%) in the general population of western European countries and the USA [1]. In a twin study, monozygotic twins showed only 32% concordance, suggesting that other contributory factors such as environment might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Narcolepsy. And, two types of Narcolepsy, type 1 (Narcolepsy with cataplexy) and type 2 (narcolepsy without cataplexy) have been described so far [1].
An overview of hypocretin based therapy in narcolepsy
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Shinichi Takenoshita, Noriaki Sakai, Yuhei Chiba, Mari Matsumura, Mai Yamaguchi, Seiji Nishino
About two decades have passed since the historical discovery of hypocretin/orexin in 1998 by two different research groups. During this period, it has been discovered that this hypothalamic neuropeptide hypocretin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. At the same time, several studies suggest that narcolepsy with cataplexy is most commonly caused by the loss of hypocretin-producing cells in the hypothalamus (i.e. Narcolepsy Type 1). In previous human studies, low hypocretin-1 level was proved to be a good criterion in Narcolepsy patients. From the ICSD-2 onward, low CSF hypocretin-1 levels have been used to diagnose hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy. Narcolepsy Type 1 is suspected to have strong associations with HLA-DQB1*0602 and with T-cell receptor polymorphisms, which suggests that an autoimmune reaction is the cause for the loss of hypocretin neurons in most Narcolepsy Type 1 patients.
Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Narcolepsy in Adolescents Hospitalized with Mood Disorders: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Study
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2023
Rikinkumar S. Patel, Nikhila Veluri, Amit Chopra
Narcolepsy is divided into two types, (i) narcolepsy with cataplexy (NT1) and (ii) narcolepsy without cataplexy (NT2; Plazzi et al., 2018). The term cataplexy can be described as an episode with a brief loss of bilateral muscle tone often triggered by sudden emotions. NT1 is associated with a loss of hypocretin-producing neurons in the dorsolateral hypothalamus, and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin levels (<110 pg/ml), whereas NT2 is generally associated with normal CSF hypocretin levels. Hypocretin is a neuropeptide that regulates wakefulness and arousal. Additionally, hypocretin has also been associated with appetite regulation, energy metabolism, pain modulation, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal symptoms (Bassetti et al., 2019).