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Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Biological causes have been linked to developmental dyslexia. Studies of identical and non-identical twins (see TWIN STUDIES) have indicated a genetic link in cases of developmental phonological dyslexia but not developmental surface dyslexia. AUTOPSY and FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING Studies have indicated an underdevelopment of the language areas of the dominant hemisphere, particularly in the area of the PLANUM TEMPORALE of the TEMPORAL LOBE, which forms part of WERNICKE'S AREA. Functional imaging studies of brain activity during reading tasks have also revealed abnormal processing in the these brain areas. Comprehension problems can also cause reading difficulties. In cases of HYPERLEXIA, children with very low intelligence learn to pronounce aloud correctly written words that they then cannot fully understand. Children in the normal intelligence range, but with poor comprehension skills, may also learn to read aloud words to a normal level, but then have difficulties drawing inferences from the text that they have correctly read.
Vestibular nerve deficiency and vestibular function in children with unilateral hearing loss caused by cochlear nerve deficiency
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Keita Tsukada, Shin-ichi Usami
Vestibular testing, hearing threshold and width of IAC in all the patients are shown Table 1. In the present study, as shown in Figure 2(a), fourteen of 38 CND patients (36.8%) showed VND (hypoplasia or an absence of vestibular nerve). Eleven of the CND patients (28.9%) had vestibular dysfunction based on the caloric testing and/or cVEMP. Ten (71%) of the 14 patients with VND based on the MR images showed vestibular dysfunction, and ten of 11 (90%) patients with vestibular dysfunction had VND. Eight of the 11 patients (72.7%) who had vestibular dysfunction showed pathological results on both the caloric testing and cVEMP, with two patients showing pathological results only on the caloric testing and one only on the cVEMP (Figure 2(b)). Among the 10 patients who had a pathological caloric response, 5 had areflexia and the other 5 had hypoflexia in the affected ears, while among the nine patients who had a pathological cVEMP response, 3 had no response and 6 had decreased response in the affected ears.