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Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis
Acute neuronal injury related to seizure activity (more likely in status epilepticus) or consequent to a period of survival following resuscitation may be limited to the hippocampus or also affect cerebral neocortex and other grey matter structures. Those with a long-term history of epilepsy may show evidence of cerebellar and/or thalamic atrophy with gliosis. Seizures may result in cortical atrophy and scarring. Weighing of the cerebellum may be beneficial (the hindbrain weight should represent 12–15 per cent of the total) (Thom 1997; Thom and Allinson 2019).
Radiation Damage of the Nervous System
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
This factor plays an important role in the modification of radiation injury. The gliosis secondary to the tumor and to irradiation are indistinguishable. In elderly patients, the vascular changes of aging may be additive to radiation damage in producing delayed necrosis of the brain.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Glial cells are also affected by various abnormalities; however, these cells are considerably more resistant to anoxia or ischemia than to necrosis. Destructive lesions cause gliosis or formation of glial scars. During this process, glia cells usually undergo considerablehypertrophy and are apparently proliferate. This proliferation is usually secondary to destructive lesions of either neurons or myelin. There is an increase of astrocytes in selective areas where myelin is destroyed, but the number of oligodendroglia is reduced. It may be that oligodendroglia are converted to astrocytes and these structures participate in glial scar production.611
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during convalescence from COVID-19
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Anaclara Michel-Chávez, Miguel García-Grimshaw, Oswaldo Alan Chávez-Martínez, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Griselda Teresa Romero-Sánchez, Fernando Daniel Flores-Silva, Francisco Javier Merayo-Chalico, Francisco Manuel Martínez-Carrillo, Ana Barrera-Vargas, Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
On neuroimaging, PRES is characterized by bilateral lesions of the parietal and occipital lobes, which resolve within weeks to months. As in this case, up to 43% of patients may have residual lesions (focal gliosis in 21%) on follow-up studies. Atypical findings include restricted diffusion areas (30%), microhemorrhages (10–30%), and unilateral involvement. Additionally, up to 85% show cerebral arterial vasoconstriction and decreased CBF [6, 7]. In this case, MRI showed multiple micro-and macro-bleeds, which might be associated with the critical illness she underwent and not solely PRES-related since there are well-documented cases of critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds in COVID-19 survivors [9, 10]. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-induced liver dysfunction and clotting factors consumption may play a role in the development of these hemorrhages [11].
Benefits of ketogenic diet in a pediatric patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and STXBP1-related epileptic encephalopathy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Aycan Ünalp, Hande Gazeteci Tekin, Pakize Karaoğlu, Zeynep Akışın
Our patient had the diagnosis of EDS when she was three years old. On physical examination she had hyperelastic skin and absent deep tendon reflexes. Type V collagen mutations in classical type EDS include heterozygous nonsense, frameshift or splice-site mutations of COL5A1. These mutations cause the inability to produce abnormal protein by the premature stop-codon of the mutant mRNA. As a result, alpha-1 chain production of type V collagen decreases [6]. Focal epilepsies are the most common seizure type seen in EDS. In EDS seizures were reported with brain malformations such as frontal gliosis, Dandy-Walker malformation, basilar artery hypoplasia, left hemispheric atrophy, venous parietal angioma, intracranial hemorrhage, and stroke [7]. The brain imaging of our patient showed mild atrophy with hyperintense signal changes on periventricular regions which can be attributed to her refractory seizures over a long period of time.
Retinal Astrocytes and Microglia Activation in Diabetic Retinopathy Rhesus Monkey Models
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Yu Xia, Qihui Luo, Jingfei Chen, Chao Huang, Asad Jahangir, Ting Pan, Xiaoli Wei, Wentao Liu, Zhengli Chen
In the clinic, microaneurysms in fundus photographs and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier are defined as earliest markers for the manifestation of DR.32 However, it is difficult to detect neuronal abnormalities at the early-stage of DR through routine examination. Gliosis is induced in response to various insults32 such as ischemic damage, neurodegeneration, or neuroinflammation; and chronic gliosis will directly and indirectly damage neurons and the vasculature.33 Damage to retinal neurons is irreversible and has direct impact on the visual function. Hence, there is an important need to determine markers for DR at the early-stage. Fortunately, our findings proposed that reactive gliosis occurs, together with microvasculature and neurodegeneration, in both T1DM and T2DM rhesus monkeys at the early stage of DR. In addition, due to some limitations on human subjects for studying the disease, the present study is more evident for the early stage of DR.