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Young people who use and misuse substances while they are pregnant
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Laura Brandt, Laura Moser, Gabriele Fischer
Alcohol is a teratogen and thus can cause foetal developmental disorders even at the earliest stages of pregnancy, in addition to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight, prematurity and birth defects. Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is the umbrella term for the wide range of effects that can occur after intrauterine alcohol exposure and may include physical, behavioural and learning disabilities with potential lifelong implications (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Center for Excellence, 2013). Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a specific birth defect caused by intrauterine alcohol exposure and a recognised medical diagnosis (ICD-10: Q86.0). Prevalence estimates for FASD range from 2 per cent to 5 per cent of the general population of developed countries, and between 2–7 per 1,000 for FAS (May, 2009).
Nutrition and the human lifecycle
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Foetal alcohol syndrome is a recognisable clinical entity that is caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy. Babies with this syndrome have the following characteristics: they are small; have characteristic facial abnormalities; are often mentally retarded; are immune deficient; show slow postnatal growth.
Social drugs
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
The fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs in babies born to women who are dependent on alcohol. These women are heavy drinkers who rely on alcohol and are unable to control the amount they drink. They are likely to consume at least six units of alcohol every day.12–16 The risk ranges from one in 50 to one in four, depending on factors such as race and socio-economic status. Black women seem to be at much greater risk than other women.17,18 In general, the heaviest drinkers seem to be delivered of the most badly affected infants. The three cardinal features of FAS are facial anomalies, CNS dysfunction and pre- and postnatal growth deficiency. Babies with FAS have at least one feature in each of these categories. A more detailed list is given in Box 17.1. Congenital heart disease may be associated with FAS, especially ventricular septal defects. Various other abnormalities have also been linked with the syndrome, including limb defects, urogenital deformities and liver damage but there is insufficient evidence to establish a true association. The incidence of FAS in the West is probably between one and six cases per 3000 live births.
Orally administered zingerone does not mitigate alcohol-induced hepatic oxidative stress in growing Sprague Dawley rat pups
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Bernice Asiedu, Busisani Wiseman Lembede, Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya, Eliton Chivandi
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy affects the mother and the developing fetus (Caputo et al. 2016). The umbrella term, fetal alcohol syndrome disorders (FASD), encompasses fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders and alcohol-related congenital disabilities (Caputo et al. 2016, Lange et al. 2017). Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe form of FASD (Caputo et al. 2016). In the general population, among every 13 pregnant women who consume alcohol, one is likely to have a child with FASD (Lange et al. 2017). FASD is avoidable if pregnant women abstain from excessive alcohol consumption. Studies indicate that women who consume alcohol during pregnancy are likely to continue indulging in the habit during lactation (Tran et al. 2015). Although alcohol consumption during breastfeeding may not directly cause FASD, it can have detrimental effects on the child and possibly impact health later in life (Anderson 2018).
In Utero Exposure to Smoking and Alcohol, and Passive Smoking during Childhood: Effect on the Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer in Young Adulthood
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Samantha Sze-Yee Lee, David A Mackey, Paul G Sanfilippo, Alex W Hewitt, Jamie E Craig, Seyhan Yazar
The peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) has also been observed to be thinner in children with in utero exposure to cigarette smoke relative to those with no such exposure.12,13 Previous studies have reported that the RNFL in children below 14 years old who had in utero exposure to cigarette smoke was on average 6–9 μm thinner compared to those with no in utero exposure to cigarette smoke.12,13 However, these previous studies did not account for maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which is linked to optic nerve hypoplasia, a common ocular manifestation of foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).14–16 A recent case-control study comprising 75 children evaluated in utero exposure to both cigarette smoke and alcohol on the RNFL thickness, and found that alcohol had a greater effect on RFNL thickness than cigarette smoking (RNFL thicknesses 73 μm and 95 μm, respectively, compared to 100 μm in controls).17 However, the analyses were not adjusted for the multiple variables, including age, sex, or ocular factors.
Vitamin E attenuates alterations in learning, memory and BDNF levels caused by perinatal ethanol exposure
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Rahebeh Mahdinia, Iran Goudarzi, Taghi Lashkarbolouki, Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause a variety of adverse effects on the developing fetus. The timing, pattern and dose of alcohol consumption determine the severity of fetal damage [1]. Maternal ethanol consumption can produce disorders at different degrees, including physical, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in newborns that are known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the severest end of the spectrum characterized by growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphology and central nervous system defects [2]. Hippocampus is very vulnerable to toxic effects of ethanol and it is one of the brain regions that involve in learning, memory and cognition. There is evidence that prenatal ethanol exposure cause disturbance in the structure and function of the hippocampus, that induce learning and memory deficits [3].