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Motor Function and ControlDescending Tracts
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
As the flocculonodular lobe is connected to the vestibular nucleus, it is associated with the control of balance. The anterior lobe receives input from the spinocerebellar tracts and is responsible for controlling the tone of muscles maintaining posture and equilibrium. The posterior lobe is connected to the cerebral cortex and controls and coordinates motor function.
Discuss the anatomy of the cerebellum, including its blood supply and neuronal connections
Published in Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis, Short Answer Questions for the MRCOphth Part 1, 2018
Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis
The most anterior and caudal part of the lateral lobe is the flocculus, attached to a nodule in the midline. Together they form the flocculonodular lobe, an important part of the vestibular system and involved in the maintenance of balance.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Most authors of recent textbooks in neuroanatomy describe the “cerebellum” as consisting solely of the “vermis” and the “cerebellar hemispheres” (e.g., C&S, p. 56, 454; w&w, p. 912; Heim, p. 97, 99; CH&L, p. 189; A&B, p. 237, N&D, p. 323; MarMar, p. 82). Obviously, then, they intend for these two major subdivisions of the cerebellum to include the flocculonodular lobe. Indeed, many authors explicitly describe the nodulus as part of the vermis and/or the flocculi as part of the hemispheres (e.g., CH&L,p. 189 [Table 1]; N&D, p. 324; MarMar, p. 84 [Table 15–1]; Heim, p. 99; W&W, p. 913; C&S, p. 57–58).
Cortical and cerebellar structural correlates of cognitive-motor integration performance in females with and without persistent concussion symptoms
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Johanna M. Hurtubise, Diana J. Gorbet, Loriann Hynes, Alison K. Macpherson, Lauren E. Sergio
Lobule X, also referred to as the flocculonodular lobe, is the vestibular area of the cerebellum (27,65,66). This lobule receives inputs directly from the vestibular nerve (cranial nerve 8) and indirectly from the vestibular nuclei, and sends output directly to the vestibular nuclei. The medial aspect of the flocculonodular lobe is involved in controlling axial musculature, while the lateral component is involved in eye pursuit and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). This reflex allows for the compensatory counter-rotation of the eyes during head movement (27,65,66) and has been found to be abnormal following concussion (67,68). Additionally, an abnormal VOR reflex has been associated with a significantly longer recovery following injury (68). However, VOR function was not measured in this study and thus, conclusions on this possible relationship cannot be drawn from these data.
Behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations on the effects of cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination in morphine-induced cerebellar toxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Soraya Mahmoudi, Amir Abbas Farshid, Esmaeal Tamaddonfard, Mehdi Imani, Farahnaz Noroozinia
Cerebellum is situated in posterior cranial fossa and is divided into three major rejoins: flocculonodular lobe, vermis, and two hemispheres (Stoodley and Schmahmann 2018). This structure of the brain has various connections with spinal cord, brain stem, and subcortical and cortical areas and through a variety of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin mediates motor coordination, memory and learning, and pain processing (D’Angelo 2018). Cerebellar lesion may lead to cerebellar ataxia characterized by motor impairments, postural instability, and gait abnormality (Marsden 2018). For example, motor coordinations recorded by balance beam and open field tests have been found to be impaired after experimentally cerebellar hemorrhage induced by intra-cerebellum microinjection of collagenase type VII (Lekic et al. 2011).
Current perspectives on galvanic vestibular stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Soojin Lee, Aiping Liu, Martin J. McKeown
Postural instability is one of the main disabling symptoms largely refractory to L-dopa in PD. The cerebellum plays a critical role in postural control and gait through its close connection with the vestibular system. The vestibulocerebellum (the flocculonodular lobe and adjacent parts of the caudal cerebellar vermis) receives a substantial amount of its input from the vestibular nuclei and is involved in the regulation of posture and equilibrium as well as the vestibulo-ocular reflex – a reflex to generate eye movements for stabilization of retinal images during head movements [72]. Thus, GVS could subserve some of the vestibulocerebellar functions altered in PD through this pathway. Notably, the postural instability in PD is closely associated with dysfunction of vestibular processing [71] and can be improved by vestibular rehabilitation [73].