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Tumors of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
These are derived from ependymal cells. They are more common in children than in adults (6% of adult intracranial gliomas and 9% of childhood intracranial gliomas). As with tumors of astrocytic and oligodendrocytic origin, advances in molecular genetics have improved understanding of ependymal tumors. In particular, for supratentorial ependymomas, fusion of C11orf95 and RELA has been associated with a poorer prognosis, leading to inclusion of RELA fusion status in the 2016 WHO classification.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Ependymal cells form a single layer of cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They contain microvilli and cilia and are involved with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
The nervous system
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The fluid-filled lumen that runs through the neural tube (structure that gives rise to the CNS) is called the neural canal or neurocoele. This relatively simple structure gives rise to the spinal canal of the spinal cord, and its contained fluid becomes the cerebrospinal fluid. The walls of the neural tube are quite thin, originally organized into epithelium that is the thickness of one cell layer. This neuroepithelium gives rise to three kinds of cells: Ependymal cells: Make up the inside lining of the neural tubeNeuroblasts: Give rise to the various kinds of neurons (nerve cells) found in the brain and spinal cord (or CNS)Glioblasts: From which two types of CNS glial cells arise—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (Figure 13.1)
Association between subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced hydrocephalus and hydromyelia: pathophysiological changes developed in an experimental model
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Syringomyelia is a chronic form of hydromyelia that may be asymptomatic but may impair neurological functions even after several years [2]. This progression is associated with irreversible slow and progressive destruction of the ependymal cytoarchitecture [3,23]. Central channel dilation can compromise the compensatory mechanisms up to a certain diameter; however, expansion of the lumen beyond this diameter can cause irreversible pathological changes, such as reduced ependymal cell proliferation, ependymal ciliary cell death, and ependymal tissue thinning in the affected area. Large dilations cause a loss of ependymal elasticity that is associated with periependymal edema, building nonfunctional gliosis tissue, damaged adjacent functional neuropils, and disrupted ependymal tissue. Most of these changes are irreversible and can cause treatment-requiring SAIH. The ependymal cells play critical roles in repairing medulla spinalis injuries, cellular signaling, and CSF homeostasis [2,3,23,24].
Primary ependymoma of the retropubic space in a male patient
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Elif Tasar Kapakli, Kemal Kosemehmetoglu, Figen Kaymaz, Bulent Akdogan, Mustafa Ozmen, Dilek Ertoy Baydar
Ependymomas are central nervous system (CNS) glial neoplasms which constitute 2% of the primary CNS tumors.1 They arise from ependymal cells, mostly in the cerebral ventricular system or in the central canal of the spinal cord.2 When these tumors occur in extraneural sites, which have been rarely described, they are referred to as extraneural ependymoma (ENE).1 ENEs are encountered most commonly in the sacrococcygeal region and the intrapelvic locations such as ovaries, broad ligament, and pelvic soft tissues. They may also rarely occur in extrapelvic organs such as liver, lung, mediastinum, and abdominal cavity.1,2 The sacrococcygeal tumors have no gender predilection, whereas reproductive age female predominance has been observed in the cases with other extraneural locations.2
Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jong-Heon Kim, Ruqayya Afridi, Won-Ha Lee, Kyoungho Suk
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that constitute half of the brain tissue [1,2]. These cells play diverse homeostatic and supportive roles in brain development and function. Previously regarded as simply the glue of the brain, glial cells are now recognized as important functional cells in the brain, with perturbations in their functions leading to a pathological state [1]. Glial cells are in a continuous, intimate association with neurons and regulate neuronal functioning in multiple ways [3]. These cells are classified into four major types, namely astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, each with a distinct role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells and regulate neuronal function by providing metabolites, ion homeostasis, recycling neurotransmitters, and synaptogenesis [4]. Microglia are the brain resident macrophages, surveying the brain parenchyma to protect it from noxious stimuli. Microglia also play an important role in synaptogenesis during brain development [5,6]. Oligodendrocytes, another important class of glial cells, are myelin-producing cells that provide neuronal axons with metabolic support and regulate action potentials through saltatory conduction. Ependymal cells are ciliated glial cells that line the ventricular surface of the brain and regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).