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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Ependymal cells form a single layer of cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They contain microvilli and cilia and are involved with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Central Nervous System
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Ependymoma is a glioma arising from the ependymal cells that normally line the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. They can arise at any site, usually in association with the ventricular system, but are most common in the posterior fossa, where they present with obstruction or with posterior fossa syndrome. The incidence of intracranial tumors is greatest in young children. Imaging usually shows a well-circumscribed tumor with variable contrast enhancement in the characteristic location. They comprise fewer than 2% of all primary CNS tumors. In adults, most are located in the spine, whereas in children, the majority are in the brain, most commonly posterior fossa. Survival is worse in younger patients and with supratentorial location and high-grade disease.
Radiology of Brain Tumors
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
Ependymal tumorsEpendymomaMyxopapillary ependymoma
Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jong-Heon Kim, Ruqayya Afridi, Won-Ha Lee, Kyoungho Suk
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that constitute half of the brain tissue [1,2]. These cells play diverse homeostatic and supportive roles in brain development and function. Previously regarded as simply the glue of the brain, glial cells are now recognized as important functional cells in the brain, with perturbations in their functions leading to a pathological state [1]. Glial cells are in a continuous, intimate association with neurons and regulate neuronal functioning in multiple ways [3]. These cells are classified into four major types, namely astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, each with a distinct role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells and regulate neuronal function by providing metabolites, ion homeostasis, recycling neurotransmitters, and synaptogenesis [4]. Microglia are the brain resident macrophages, surveying the brain parenchyma to protect it from noxious stimuli. Microglia also play an important role in synaptogenesis during brain development [5,6]. Oligodendrocytes, another important class of glial cells, are myelin-producing cells that provide neuronal axons with metabolic support and regulate action potentials through saltatory conduction. Ependymal cells are ciliated glial cells that line the ventricular surface of the brain and regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Antigenic expression and spontaneous immune responses support the use of a selected peptide set from the IMA950 glioblastoma vaccine for immunotherapy of grade II and III glioma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Valérie Dutoit, Denis Migliorini, Giulia Ranzanici, Eliana Marinari, Valérie Widmer, Johannes Alexander Lobrinus, Shahan Momjian, Joseph Costello, Paul R. Walker, Hideho Okada, Toni Weinschenk, Christel Herold-Mende, Pierre-Yves Dietrich
WHO grade II and III glioma include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and ependymoma and are the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors in young adults. Grade II and III astrocytoma almost inevitably evolve to secondary glioblastoma (grade IV), a disease associated with very poor prognosis.1,2 Tumors deriving from ependymal cells (i.e. ependymoma) are rarer but some of them display a similar poor prognosis,3,4 advocating for alternative therapeutic strategies. One of the pillars of cancer therapy is immunotherapy, with the recent development of immune checkpoint inhibitors that have the potential to synergize with cell therapy and cancer vaccines.5,6 Among vaccines, most of them have targeted glioblastoma (GBM) so far, most likely due to the limited knowledge about antigen expression by grade II/III tumors. However, recent studies of peptide vaccines in grade II glioma patients showed promising results7,8 and additional trials are ongoing, including one with a peptide spanning the IDH1R132H mutation found in the majority of low-grade glioma and secondary GBM (sGBM).9
Giant intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma, a rare arachnoiditis-mimicking condition: case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Nicolò Marchesini, Christian Soda, Umberto Maria Ricci, Giampietro Pinna, Franco Alessandrini, Claudio Ghimenton, Riccardo Bernasconi, Gaetano Paolino, Marco Teli
Ependymomas are tumours arising from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. They represent the most common intramedullary spinal cord tumour in adults and are classified as either WHO grade II or III.1,2 Ependymomas are very rarely encountered in an extra-medullary location. To our knowledge, only 40 cases of IDEM ependymomas have been reported, all of which were identified on MRI as IDEM tumours before surgery. In our case, due to the peculiar radiological pattern, a diagnosis of spinal arachnoiditis was initially suggested. Surprisingly, a T1-T12 IDEM ependymoma was resected. To our knowledge, our case represents the largest IDEM ependymoma ever described.