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Consciousness, EEG, Sleep and Emotions
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Electroencephalography is the recording of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is generated by the superficial layer of pyramidal cells by changes in postsynaptic potentials in the dendrites oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface. The current is the result of the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. The electrical potentials of an EEG are the algebraic summation of the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal cells. The rhythm of cortical activity is controlled by the thalamus. The thalamus in turn has its rhythmic activity modulated by inputs from the reticular activating system. Input from the reticular formation interrupts these rhythmic potential changes and causes a desynchronization of the cortical waves. The recorded potentials range from 0 to 200 μV, and their frequencies range from once every few seconds to 50 or more per second.
Neonatal Seizures
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Because seizure activities in the NB are frequently covert, their motor components often fragmentary, and because some mimic normal or abnormal behaviors that are not seizures, a few comments are included to help avoiding the recent trend of overdiagnosing and treating as seizures all such paroxysmal manifestations. This task, which at times may be difficult, can be helped by careful electroencephalographic monitoring. It represents the first prerequisite for proper management of neonatal seizures, as has been reemphasized recently (9).
The Nervous System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Electroencephalography is the technique for recording the electrical activity of different parts of the brain and converting it into a tracing called an electroencephalogram (EEG). The pattern of an EEG reflects the state of the patient's brain and level of consciousness in a characteristic manner. Abnormalities in the EEG allow the practitioner to locate structural abnormalities such as a tumor or diagnose and manage epilepsy and other electrical abnormalities.
Driver drowsiness detection methods using EEG signals: a systematic review
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Raed Mohammed Hussein, Firas Sabar Miften, Loay E. George
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a neuroimaging method that measures the brain's electrical activity. It enables vital medical diagnostic and brain research investigations. Despite its sensitivity to noise, EEG is the most effective method for recording and analyzing brain activity because it is non-invasive, portable, cost-effective, relatively simple to use, and has an exceptional temporal resolution of less than one millisecond (Gevins et al. 1999). EEG utilizes electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the brain's electrical activity. The recorded signal waves contain valuable information about the brain's health. EEG records electric potential differences of tens of microvolts (μV) reaching the scalp when pyramidal neurons generate tiny excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the brain's cortical layers. Numerous electrode positioning systems are typically utilized for EEG signal recording. The EEG signal processing and analysis consist of four steps:Preprocessing the raw signals with filtering or other techniquesExtracting the essential information in the form of featuresApplying feature selection methods for more optimized resultsAnalyzing the results
Distribution and progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in early-onset V30M (p.V50M) hereditary ATTR amyloidosis
Published in Amyloid, 2023
Yusuke Takahashi, Kazuhiro Oguchi, Yusuke Mochizuki, Ken Takasone, Naoki Ezawa, Akira Matsushima, Nagaaki Katoh, Masahide Yazaki, Yoshiki Sekijima
A total of 8 patients (2 male and 6 female) exhibited CNS symptoms associated with CAA (Table 1). The duration of illness from the onset of ATTR amyloidosis to CNS symptom manifestation ranged from 12 to 21 years (mean ± SD: 17.0 ± 3.1 years). Seven patients had received liver transplantation, with the remaining patient being treated with disease-modifying pharmacological therapies (diflunisal for 74 months, tafamidis for 74 months and vutrisiran for 12 months). Seven patients experienced TFNEs. The TFNEs included motor aphasia (n = 5), unilateral weakness or sensory disturbance (n = 4), consciousness disturbance (n = 2), scintillating scotoma (n = 2), dysarthria (n = 1), abnormal behaviour (n = 1) and convulsions (n = 1), all of which lasted for several minutes to several hours. Six patients suffered TNFEs ≥ 3 times, while 4 patients suffered TNFEs ≥ 20 times. No lesions relevant to TFNEs were detected on CT or MRI, including diffusion-, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and T2*-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and gadolinium-enhanced imaging. Cerebrovascular evaluations were performed in 6 patients (MR angiography: 5 patients and CT angiography: 1 patient), which revealed no abnormal findings. Electroencephalography was performed on 5 patients, disclosing no epileptic abnormalities.
Reducing EEG (Electroencephalogram) Electrode-induced Skin Injury among Ambulatory EEG Monitored Patients: A Non-randomized Interventional Study of Two Commonly Used Cream-based Products for Electrode Application
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Sumika Ouchida, Armin Nikpour, Greg Fairbrother
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a monitoring method to record electrical brain activity. Recording inter-ictal epileptiform activity or paroxysmal events using ambulatory electroencephalography (AEEG) is an important diagnostic tool (Faulkner et al. 2012; Seneviratne et al. 2013; Tolchin et al. 2017). AEEG recording devices are portable, inexpensive, and widely available (Lawley et al. 2015; Seneviratne and D’Souza 2019). One of the disadvantages of prolonged EEG monitoring is skin irritation or skin injury at the EEG electrode sites which can occur in 7.8 to 27.3% of inpatients, depending on the duration of the monitoring (Drees et al. 2016; Moura et al. 2017). A 2017 observational study of prolonged AEEG monitoring indicated that most participants (81.7%) had skin irritation or injury at the electrode sites (Ouchida et al. 2019).