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Electrophysiology
Published in Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman, MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman
These are a primary generalised type of seizure. Electroencephalogram changes on their own cannot indicate the diagnosis of epilepsy. However, in absence seizures, the typical 3 Hz spike and wave charges can be seen if the patient has a seizure during the recording. This type of seizure can often be provoked by hyperventilation.1,2
Neurologic Diagnosis
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
The electroencephalograph (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. It reflects the summated excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of the upper layers of the cerebral cortex, especially the pyramidal cells because of their vertical orientation and large apical dendritic trees. This activity is influenced by subcortical structures, especially the thalamus and rostral brainstem reticular formation.
Neurology
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
A misdiagnosis of epilepsy leads to loss of a driving licence, often to loss of employment, and social disruption. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is of limited value in the diagnosis of epilepsy, and is often over-interpreted by the neurologically naïve, with unhappy consequences. If specifically epileptic in appearance it may help to diagnose the type of epilepsy, and it increases the possibility of epilepsy in somebody with suspicious episodes, but the diagnosis must remain a clinical one. However the main problem for somebody diagnosed as suffering from epilepsy is the problem of driving.
The Role of Serial Follow-up and Sleep Deprivation Methods in Improving Electroencephalography Diagnostic Yield in a Cohort of Omanis Aged 13 Years and Above: A Clinical Audit Study
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2022
Ammar Alobaidy, Sami Al-Rawas, Maryam Al-Kiyumi, Iman Al-Afifi, Rajesh Poothrikovil, Prabhakaran Venugopal
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is not only an indispensable tool for diagnosis of epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes, but it is also pivotal in making treatment decisions (Panayiotopoulos 2005). For a first-time, unprovoked seizure, an EEG with epileptiform abnormalities is associated with a relative rate increment of 2.16 (95% CI, 1.07–4.38) for seizure recurrence at 1 to 5 years as compared to the patients without such EEG abnormalities (Krumholz et al. 2015). Therefore, specific provocative methods such as hyperventilation, photic stimulation, sleep, etc. are used to increase the probability of recording epileptogenic paroxysms and thus, improving the diagnostic value of EEG. Serial and sleep-deprived EEGs are examples of procedures that increase the utility of EEG in clinical practice (Renzel et al. 2016; Salinsky et al. 1987).
Dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 encephalitis treated with immunotherapy
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Lan Ye, Margret Schnegelsberg, Mark Obermann
In 2017, a 53-year-old man presented with a progressive cognitive deficit for 2 years, which cost him his job. He also developed tremor of hands and legs, unstable gait, and hyperekplexia. He complained about an increased need for sleep, which could be up to 36 hours at a time. Meanwhile, the patient reported a 30-kg weight loss and severe diarrhea for the past 2 years. In a detailed neuropsychological examination, the patient was oriented, with unremarkable performance on reading, mental arithmetic, and language. However, there were marked deficits in saving and recalling from memory. In the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the patient scored 25 out of a possible 30 points. His attention span was mildly reduced and his reaction time was slightly slowed. In addition, he was mildly depressed, lacked motivation, and lost interest. There was no abnormal finding in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an electroencephalogram. Cells, lactate, and proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were normal. However, antibodies against DPPX were positive in both serum (1:1000 titer) and CSF (1:10 titer). We diagnosed the patient with DPPX antibody-associated encephalitis. Since anti-DPPX encephalitis was reported to be associated with tumors, especially B-cell lymphomas,4–6 we performed comprehensive examinations including positron emission tomography–computed tomography, but failed to find neoplasms.
Seizure forecasting using single robust linear feature as correlation vector of seizure-like events in brain slices preparation in vitro
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Muhammad Khizar Abbas, Muhammad Liaquat Raza, Syed Sajjad Haider Zaidi, Bilal Muhammad Khan, Uwe Heinemann
Epilepsy is one of the prevailing neurological disorders worldwide. Nearly, 50 million people are affected around the globe [1]. Epilepsy may be present in adults as well as children but occurrence in children is higher as compared to adults [2]. According to the World Health Organization, around 80% of cases of epilepsy have been reported in developing countries. In Pakistan, approximately 1.38 million people are suffering from epilepsy [3]. A study revealed that the proportion of disease is higher in rural areas as compared to urban. Overall number of trained neurologist in Pakistan is assessed around one neurologist per 1.4 million patients [4]. Epilepsy originates from electrical disturbance within neuronal cells resulting in seizures, which alters information processing in the nervous system [5]. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to records brain electrical activity and contains information on the physiological state of the brain. Therefore, EEG data are one of most salient medium for epilepsy detection and diagnosis.