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Brain stimulation: new directions
Published in Alan Weiss, The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook, 2018
o improvements in social relating impairment and socially related anxiety in patients with autistic spectrum disorder using low-frequency dTMS to bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex over 10 daily sessions under sham conditions (Enticott et al., 2014; Enticott, Kennedy, Zangen and Fitzgerald, 2011);
Parental alcoholism
Published in David Morley, Xiaoming Li, Crispin Jenkinson, Children and Young People's Response to Parental Illness, 2016
Peggy S. Keller, Lauren R. Gilbert, Eric A. Haak, Shuang Bi
It is also possible that there are biological differences between vulnerable and resilient CoAs. Higher vagal tone in children (suggesting greater biological support for emotion regulation) reduces associations between parental problem drinking and child internalising and externalising problems (El-Sheikh, 2005). Resilient CoAs (defined as those not exhibiting alcohol problems of their own) exhibit greater activation of the orbital frontal gyrus, ventral striatum and extended amygdala, and less activation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in response to emotional stimuli than vulnerable CoAs exhibit (Heitzeg et al., 2008). Whether these biological differences are genetically based or driven by exposure to different levels of environmental stress is unclear.
Depression in new mothers
Published in Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Depression in New Mothers, 2016
To consider the issue of whether postpartum depression was a distinct condition, Fiorelli and colleagues (2015) reviewed the literature on postpartum/postnatal depression and MRI/neuroimaging. They identified 11 studies. These studies examined women’s reactions to threatening words or negative facial expressions. Depressed women had reduced activation in the amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Another study found that the depressed women did not show a difference in activation when hearing their own infants’ cries vs. those of other infants. Fiorelli et al. noted that the MRI studies of postpartum depression replicated those of major depressive disorder, and concluded that the data did not support a distinct neurobiological profile for postpartum depression. They did also note, however, the relative dearth of MRI studies on perinatal depression (11 studies) compared to studies of major depressive disorder (over 1,000). With an increase in MRI studies, a distinct profile may still be identified.
Neural Activity Across the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2022
Zarmeen Zahid, Liam McMahon, Michael Lynch
Neuroimaging studies once again have identified the dlPFC as a region of interest for NSSI and emotion regulation. Its connectivity with other brain areas such as the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala during emotion regulation is central in the development of many disorders (Beauregard, Lévesque, & Bourgouin, 2001; Ochsner, Silvers, & Buhle, 2012). The frontal regions of the cortex modulate amygdala reactivity and are engaged during active self-regulation of emotion (Beauregard et al., 2001; Lévesque et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2012; Phan et al., 2005). Studies have found that frontal regions are more active when individuals engage in cognitive strategies—such as reappraisal—to regulate negative emotion (Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Quirk & Beer, 2006). Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, and Phan (2007) made clear the significance of prefrontal regions in emotion regulation and dysregulation through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. They found significant coupling between the dlPFC and the amygdala during cognitive-emotional tasks (Banks et al., 2007). Further, they asserted that increased coupling and activation in these regions was associated with more effective emotion regulation (Banks et al., 2007). Similarly, Bertocci and colleagues (2014) found that increased activation in the lateral prefrontal regions—including the dlPFC—was associated with higher levels of effective emotional regulation among youth aged 9–17.
Personalising transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression using neuroimaging: A systematic review
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Anish Modak, Paul B. Fitzgerald
Most commonly, neuronavigation technologies in combination with structural MRI was used to guide repetitive TMS (rTMS) to the left, right, or bilateral dlPFC, though two studies targeted the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) bilaterally (Downar et al. 2014; Persson et al. 2020), and one study targeted the visual cortex (Zhang et al. 2020). One study used structural MRI to personalise treatment target without using neuronavigation; instead, if the location determined by the standard 5 cm method was found to be in the premotor cortex, the target was moved forward by 1 cm prior to commencing treatment (George et al. 2010). Most studies used standard TMS parameters to deliver 15–30 daily treatment sessions of 10 Hz TMS to the left dlPFC, with 1500–3000 pulses per session (Table 2), though some studies deviated from these parameters, for example, one study delivered a single session of TMS only (Baeken et al. 2009). Nine studies used neuronavigation to deliver TBS (Duprat et al. 2016; Pellicciari et al. 2017; Blumberger et al. 2018; Stubbeman et al. 2018; Williams et al. 2018; Iwabuchi et al. 2019; Zrenner et al. 2019; Cole et al. 2020; Persson et al. 2020).
Modulation of the prefrontal blood oxygenation response to intermittent theta-burst stimulation in depression: A sham-controlled study with functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Wiebke Struckmann, Jonas Persson, Wojciech Weigl, Malin Gingnell, Robert Bodén
Besides new rTMS protocols, other targets for stimulation, i.e. the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), have been suggested to be effective in the treatment of depression (Downar and Daskalakis 2013). Several lines of evidence point to its involvement in depression, with lesions in the dmPFC having been associated with a high risk of severe depression (Koenigs et al. 2008). Further, the dmPFC shows increased functional connectivity to numerous brain regions involved in emotion regulation, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Sheline et al. 2010), while antidepressant medication reduces functional connectivity within the dmPFC in healthy controls (McCabe et al. 2011). Together, this suggests that functional modulation of this brain region might have an antidepressive effect. An initial open-label depression study of rTMS over the dmPFC reported this target being safe and tolerable (Bakker et al. 2015).