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Development and Developmental Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), also known as the “cognitive division” (56) of the cingulate cortex, has received a great deal of attention in the functional imaging literature (Fig. 12). It is believed to modulate motivation, effortful cognitive processing, and inhibition, (56,63–66) and has been demonstrated in animal studies to be responsible for reward-based motivation (67). Abnormalities in this region have been noted in children and adolescents with ADHD on fMRI and PET as well as in a morphometric MRI study of normal adolescents by Casey et al. in 1997 showing right anterior cingulate cortical volume to correlate with task performance (68).
Hypnosis and guided imagery
Published in Hilary McClafferty, Mind–Body Medicine in Clinical Practice, 2018
During hypnosis in those in the high hypnotizability group only, reduced activity was seen in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is a central node in the salience network and has been correlated with attentional control—differentiating what should we pay attention to and what can be ignored. The decrease in dorsal anterior cingulate activity was linearly correlated with the individual’s feeling hypnotized while in the scanner, which indicates a selective reduction in activity in this region during hypnosis. This is consistent with a state of suspension of critical judgment and the ability to immerse oneself into a task. This state has also been associated with a will to persevere through challenges (Parvizi et al. 2013).
The Role of Attachment Ruptures and Related Developmental Contributors to the Experience of Physical and Emotional Pain in Adulthood
Published in Kyle Brauer Boone, Neuropsychological Evaluation of Somatoform and Other Functional Somatic Conditions, 2017
Chester, Pond, Richman, and DeWall (2012) argue that the brain responds similarly to physical and social injury. Both experiences are associated with increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and insula. This type of “double-duty” highlights the evolutionary importance of social bonding and further puts emphasis on attachment issues. In fact, the overlapping system of physical and emotional pain is impacted by attachment style (DeWall, Masten, Powell, Combs, Schurtz, & Eisenberger, 2012). That is, preoccupied attachment is associated with increased activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, while dismissive attachment is associated with less activity in these same regions. Chester et al. (2012) suggest that social rejection in early life influences how the brain moderates social pain in later life, and that deficits in modulation in turn affect physical health. In short, overactivation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in response to social pain leads to involvement of the hypothalamus and resultant release of cortisol, which suppresses the immune system and can lead to multiple adverse health conditions, including physical pain.
Unilateral amygdala ablation: a potential treatment option for severe chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Lois Teye-Botchway, Jon T. Willie, Sanne J.H. van Rooij
In promising news, however, a significant development in our current understanding of the link between the amygdala and PTSD was found in a case series we published in 2020. In this series, ablating the right amygdala along with an epileptic hippocampus was associated with unambiguous improvements in PTSD symptoms [10]. Two patients with medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy with comorbid PTSD underwent amygdala ablation, a procedure in which the right amygdala is destroyed by laser interstitial thermal therapy. In this surgery, the neurosurgeon uses real-time MRI thermography to guide the probe and laser heat to irreversibly ablate part of the medial temporal lobe, specifically including the unilateral amygdala and anterior hippocampus. After ablation, the patients’ seizure frequencies decreased, but they also reported greater tolerance of events that had previously triggered their PTSD symptoms. We also observed changes in their fMRI results (including reduced threat reactivity in brain areas remote from the ablation, such as contralateral amygdala as well as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and increase in ventromedial prefrontal cortex threat reactivity), psychophysiological responses to fear, and ability to distinguish danger and safety. Our prior findings therefore suggest that reducing or eliminating amygdala function could improve chronic PTSD symptoms and treatment response.
Harm related to recreational ketamine use and its relevance for the clinical use of ketamine. A systematic review and comparison study
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Jan Van Amsterdam, Wim Van Den Brink
Furthermore, ketamine use disorder patients showed higher functional connectivity than drug-free healthy controls between (a) the left and the right precuneus [62], (b) between the pallidum and the bilateral cerebellum, (c) the caudate and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and (d) the putamen and the left orbitofrontal cortex [63]. The latter was associated with both higher self-reported impulsivity and duration of ketamine use (r = 0.34) [63]. In chronic ketamine-dependent users, the functional connectivity between the specific nucleus of the thalamus and the motor cortex/supplementary motor area and the posterior parietal cortex was also higher compared to controls [61]. Interestingly, (a) functional connectivity between the posterior parietal area and the right lateral dorsal nucleus was significantly correlated to ketamine craving [61] and (b) sgACC connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex (sgACC-OFC) was negatively correlated with depression severity [64]. Regional homogeneity (RH), a marker for brain functional organization, was lower in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and higher in left precentral frontal gyrus in the ketamine-dependent patients compared to the drug-free healthy controls [60]. Finally, in chronic ketamine users, D1 receptors were upregulated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (24%), but not in other cortical, limbic, or striatal regions, which was correlated with the cumulative amount of ketamine that was used [65].
An Exploratory Study on the Central Nervous Correlates of Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
K. Unterhorst, H. Gerwinn, A. Pohl, C. Kärgel, C. Massau, I. Ristow, J. Kneer, T. Amelung, H. Walter, K. Beier, M. Walter, B. Schiffer, T. H. C. Kruger, A. Stirn, J. Ponseti
Although our study was highly exploratory, we had four hypotheses: We expected to find a correlation between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activity and SES scores.We expected to find a correlation between (medial) orbitofrontal cortex activity and SIS1 and/or SIS2 scores.We expected to find a correlation between striatum activity and SES scores.We expected to find a correlation between hypothalamic activity and SES scores.