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Prefrontal Inhibitory Signaling in the Control of Social Behaviors
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
The above studies provide convincing evidence that mPFC neuronal activities are good correlates of social interaction behavior. Echoing these observations, complex human social interaction is compromised in patients whose frontal lobes are damaged as a consequence of diseases (Bechara et al. 2000; Saver and Damasio 1991). Among subdivisions of the frontal lobe, selective lesion of the anterior cingulate gyrus in male macaque monkeys disrupts the normal patterns of social interest in other male or female macaque individuals, indicating that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, a subregion of the mPFC) is particularly important for social evaluation (Rudebeck et al. 2006). In contrast, focal lesions of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) of macaque monkeys, another subregion of the mPFC, induce mild impairments in decision making but do not induce alterations in evaluation of social information (Noonan et al. 2010). These lesion studies suggest that mPFC subregions do not uniformly contribute to social behavior regulation but there exists a division of labor. In agreement with lesion studies in monkeys, pharmacological inactivation of the prefrontal cortical region with GABA receptor agonist reduces frequency and duration of social play in rats (van Kerkhof et al. 2013), and decreases the time of social interaction in mice assessed with a three-chamber social preference test (Xu et al. 2019). Together, on top of correlative observations, these findings establish a causal relationship between the mPFC and social interaction behavior.
Pre-Clinical In-Vivo and In-Vitro Methods For Evaluation of Anti-Alzheimer’s Drugs
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Shilpa A. Deshpande, Niraj S. Vyawahare
After dissecting the brain, the sub cortical region including the striatum is separated. The tissue is weighed and is homogenized in 5 ml HCl–butanol for about 1 minute and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant phase is taken in centrifuge tube containing 2.5 ml heptane and 0.31 ml HCl of 0.1 M. After 10 minutes of vigorous shaking, the tube is centrifuged under the same conditions and the overlaying organic phase is discarded. The aqueous phase is used for estimation of dopamine, adrenaline, and serotonin. All steps should be carried out at 0°C.
Central Regulation of Brainstem Gastric Vago-Vagal Control Circuits
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
Extensive anatomical studies provide convincing evidence that the orbital cortical region, the PVH, CNA and BST all receive a substantial amount of information from complex cortical sensory processing regions as well as from limbic structures thought to be involved in assigning significance to sensory inputs.70 Additionally, the PVH, CNA, BST and orbital cortex receive a large amount of afferent input from visceral sensory “relays,” the NST and parabrachial nuclei.70,99 As stated before, these forebrain structures also send neural projections to the NST and the preganglionic autonomic neurons in the DMN. Given this arrangement, the orbital cortex, PVH, CNA and BST emerge as autonomic “executive” nuclei. It is possible that these structures are kept informed of the current state of the milieu interieur as well as the perceived status of the organism in the environment (i.e., threatened, presented with an opportunity to feed, etc.). Should an “error signal” result from the comparison between current (or expected) external events and the current status of the autonomic nervous system, these forebrain “executive” nuclei are in a position to alter the internal state accordingly (Figure 18). Obviously, a substantial amount of behavioral and physiological work will be necessary to convert this speculative model into a framework for the understanding of central autonomic control.
Assessing lesion location, visual midline perception and proprioception may assist outcome predictions for people affected by lateropulsion
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Unlike the vestibular and proprioceptive systems, inputs from the eyes do not reach the medulla or pons. Instead, visual inputs travel via the optic tract mostly to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and from there to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe [9]. From the primary visual cortex, visual inputs undergo multimodal processing in the dorsal (for spatial location) and ventral (for object recognition) streams [9]. Of particular interest is the dorsal stream which terminates in the inferior parietal lobe, the cortical destination of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Due to the segregation of the visual system, the inferior parietal lobe is the only cerebral cortex where sensory integration of inputs from all three modalities takes place. In addition, the non-dominant inferior parietal lobe plays a pivotal role in multimodal sensory processing related to spatial location, thus it may be a key cortical region to consider in relation to lateropulsion.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Motor Cortex Enhances Spike Performances of Professional Female Volleyball Players
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Seung-Bo Park, Doug Hyun Han, Junggi Hong, Jea-Woog Lee
In female volleyball competitions, high skill levels and general motor coordination are undoubtedly performance-related elements that can impact success (Pion et al., 2015). Stamm et al. (2005) have found that fundamental volleyball abilities such as spiking, blocking, and feinting are associated with success of volleyball players. In this regard, the primary motor cortex (M1) is an essential region for motor coordination and functions in terms of speed, endurance, strength, precision, and execution of motor tasks (Levasseur-Moreau et al., 2013). This cortical region is a complex network that interconnects localized groups of neurons with similar input and output processes to control arm and leg movements (Huang et al., 2019; Schieber, 2001). The M1 is responsible for the production of neural impulses that regulate movement execution (Huang et al., 2019; Moscatelli et al., 2016). It is thought that these networks can control the induction of plasticity. Their sensitivity to exercise-induced manipulation is of special interest (Singh & Staines, 2015). Various connections of the M1 that react and adapt to external stimuli appear to be highly plastic (Moscatelli et al., 2021). Several studies have reported that increased excitability of the M1 region can increase exercise performance (Wang et al., 2021).
Ameliorating effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist in multi-organ toxicity induced in rat offspring, a possible role for epidermal growth factor
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Walaa Yehia Abdelzaher, Remon Roshdy Rofaeil, Sara Mohammed Naguib Abdel-Hafez, Medhat Atta, Mohamed Ahmed Bahaa El-deen, Dalia Mohamed Ali
The light microscope revealed the normal kidney architecture in control and MONT groups. The medulla region might appear more than the cortical region. The higher magnification showed glomerular capillary tufts occupying the renal corpuscles. Greater proportional volume of the cellular component of the glomerular tuft in the neonatal renal tissue was frequently noticed. Proximal convoluted tubules had narrow lumen and a highly acidophilic cytoplasm. Distal convoluted tubules had a wider lumen and less acidophilic cytoplasm. Examination of wide fields of AgNPs group showed apparent reduction in the cortical region. Distortion cortical areas and melanomacrophages containing silver pigment were noticed. Distorted dilated tubules with melanophagosomes were also noticed. While, AgNPs + MONT group exhibited more or less normal histological structure; apparent normal glomerulus and tubules. Meanwhile, few areas showed both minimal dilated tubules and small sized melanomacrophages (Figure 1).