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CSF Circulation and Disorders
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
The cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is a fluid-filled cavity between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. The cavum vergae (CV) is the posterior extension of the CSP between the fornices, occurring in conjunction.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Furthermore, McKee and colleagues detailed the full spectrum of the pathology and the regionally specific immunocytochemical abnormalities of phosphorylated tau in CTE. Of note, cavum septum pellucidum or septal fenestrations were common findings, present in 69% and 49% of CTE cases, respectively. Microscopically, neuronal loss and gliosis were common in severe cases, most pronounced in the medial temporal structures (amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex), frontal and temporal lobes, subcallosal and insular cortex, medial thalamus, hypothalamus, diencephalon, mammillary bodies, substantia nigra, and nucleus accumbens. Neuronal loss was usually, but not always, accompanied by severe neurofibrillary degeneration. Using whole mount landscape slides of the p-tau pathology, the authors emphasized the presence of astrocytic inclusions and dot-like and spindle-shaped neurites, structures that had not been observed previously. They also highlighted the regionally distinctive, irregular distribution of NFTs with multifocal dense patches in the superficial layers of the cortex and the prominent perivascular pattern.13 The authors stressed the striking predilection for the depths of the cortical sulci in the frontal, temporal, insular, septal, and parietal cortices with sparing of primary visual cortex.13,27 Furthermore, they noted the pathological involvement of the white matter, including the subcortical U-fibers, corpus callosum, and subcortical white matter.
Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Figure 11.25a is a coronal section of the brain, taken through the line C3 of Fig. 11.25b, and showing the five standard sagittal planes, S1–S5. The following structures are numbered in Fig. 11.25a as follows: Interhemispheric fissure.Parietal lobe.Cingulate gyrus.Left lateral ventricle.Corpus callosum.Cavum septum pellucidum.Caudate nucleus.Choroid plexus, extending through the foramina of Monro.Third ventricle.Thalamus.Sylvian fissure.Medial cerebral artery.Temporal lobe.Temporal fontanelle.
Neuroimaging in professional combat sports: consensus statement from the association of ringside physicians
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
If the recommended imaging shows evidence that suggests a brain abnormality, evidence of prior/chronic TBI or change from baseline, the decision to medically clear a combat sports athlete to compete should be made on a case-by-case basis. Ringside physicians/commissions may request additional neuroimaging (as detailed above) and a formal neurocognitive evaluation of the combat sports athlete. Specific neuroimaging consideration needs to be given to the development or progression of cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae. The ongoing Professional Fighters Brain Health Study has demonstrated an association between these two findings and decreased cognitive performance [35]. Risk stratification is the process of identifying the individual risk of a combat sports athlete suffering from a particular condition after careful review of history, laboratory, and clinical tests. Some combat sports athletes may warrant disqualification and denial of license to compete, and others may be medically cleared to compete after careful review of all relevant history, neurocognitive examination, and imaging findings.
Conditional standards for the quantification of foetal growth in an ethnic Chinese population: a longitudinal study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Jian Jiang, Xiaodan Zhu, Linyu Zhou, Shanyu Yin, Weilian Feng, Tian’an Jiang
The standard views for measurement were obtained according to the INTERGROWTH‐21st Project (Papageorghiou et al. 2013). BPD and HC were obtained in a cross-sectional view of the foetal head at the thalami level. In this view, the cavum septum pellucidum was in the anterior third of the falx, and the hemispheres should be symmetrical on both sides. The BPD was measured from the outer edge of the proximal skull to the inner edge of the distal skull. It should be noted that we used outer–inner instead of outer–outer in measuring BPD to be consistent with local clinical practice. The circumference of the outer edge of the skull in this view was measured as HC. The AC was defined as the circumference of the outer surface of the skin in a cross-sectional view of the foetal abdomen. This view was at the level of the stomach with the umbilical vein in the anterior third of the abdomen. In the longitudinal view of the foetal thigh with the femoral diaphysis parallel to the transducer, the distance between the ends of the femur was measured as FL. Each biometric variable was measured three times and its average was used. BPD, HC, AC and FL are measured in millimetres (mm), and GA is calculated in days. For example, a foetus of 20 weeks and five days is 145 days of GA in this study. Each foetus was follow-up scanned at least three times, the intervals between scans being at least two weeks. Machines used in the study were GE Voluson E8 (General Electric Medical Systems, Zipf, Austria), equipped with a 2- to 6-MHz curvilinear transabdominal probe.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sports: a historical and narrative review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2018
Though not specific to AFE, we followed up with a second study (Kuhn, Zuckerman, Solomon, Casson, & Viano, 2017) assessing the interrelationships among the neuroimaging biomarkers, the neuropsychological test data, and symptom reports from the Casson et al. (2014) study. We reported that magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 45 retired NFL players. Neuroanatomical parameters assessed included: 1) the absence or presence of small or large cavum septum pellucidum, 2) a global mean score of Fractional Anisotropy (FA), and 3) the presence or absence of microhemorrhages, all assessed by board-certified neuroradiologists blinded to the purposes of the study. The subjects underwent a battery of 9 paper & pencil neuropsychological tests, a computerized neurocognitive test, and multiple symptom and depression scales (reported above). The results indicated that there were minimal and statistically non-significant correlations among the 3 neuroimaging biomarkers, 21 neurocognitive indices from 9 tests, ImPACT, and symptom and depression scores examined in this cohort of NFL retirees.