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Order Tymovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV), a type member of the genus Marafivirus of 30 nm in diameter possesses T = 3 icosahedral symmetry and presents two components: empty shells and complete virions carrying the 6.3 kb genomic RNA. Both particles are composed of two serologically related, carboxy coterminal, coat proteins (CP) of apparent molecular mass 21–22 kDa (CP2) and 24–28 kDa (CP1) in a molar ratio of 3:1, respectively. CP1 contains a 37 aa N-terminal extension of CP2.
Entamoeba histolytica
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Mineko Shibayama, Nidia León-Sicairos, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mireya de la Garza
A wide variety of molecules have been described as E. histolytica virulence factors that act in concert and favor amoebae invasion. For example, disruption of the colonic mucosa through amoebic enzymes leads to direct contact between the parasites and the epithelium mainly through the amoebic Gal/GalNAc lectin (Gal-lectin), which activates the inflammasome. The IL-1β released during invasion produces a severe inflammatory response [25]. Amoebapore polypeptides can lyse bacterial and host cell membranes and are involved in liver abscess and cell apoptosis [26–29]. Several membrane and secreted cysteine proteases (CPs) that degrade host proteins have been described in E. histolytica; the most studied are CP1 and CP5 [30–33]. Currently, more than 50 genes are known to encode CPs, and their expression depends on conditions such as the amoeba strain and culture conditions [34,35]. Lipophosphopeptidoglycan is a surface molecule that activates NKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner, and this interaction limits ALA development [25,36,37].
A Probe Study on Vocal Development in Two Infants at Risk for Cerebral Palsy
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Helen L. Long, Naomi Eichorn, D. Kimbrough Oller
By 24 months, CP1 was diagnosed with mild hypotonic CP, and per parent report, she demonstrated mildly delayed gross motor milestones and walked with ankle foot orthosis braces. Also, at 24 months, CP1 had an MB-CDI raw word score of 32, placing her below the 1st percentile for her age. At 33 months, CP1 completed a formal speech and language assessment and was diagnosed with a mild articulation disorder and reduced overall speech intelligibility. She obtained a standard score of 75 (age equivalency <20 months) on the Arizona-3 and presented with multiple phonological processes including fronting, stopping, final consonant deletion, and assimilation. CP1 was also presented with oral motor hypotonia, tongue protrusion, and difficulty coordinating articulatory movements for speech production. Verbal dyspraxia was suspected but not formally diagnosed. CP1 was performed within normal limits on the PLS-5 (standard scores: auditory comprehension-104, expressive communication-103, total language-104), indicating age-appropriate receptive and expressive language abilities.
Complex interactions between the microbiome and cancer immune therapy
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Drew J. Schwartz, Olivia N. Rebeck, Gautam Dantas
In addition to modulating the gut microbiota to increase therapy responsiveness, researchers have trialed direct instillation of bacteria to promote tumor killing. Uropathogenic E. coli strain CP1, a chronic prostatitis isolate, was instilled into the urethra of mice with prostate cancer [119]. Mice treated with anti-PD-1 inhibitor and CP1 had increased survival over either treatment alone. The immunomodulatory effect of CP1 related to its local increase in cytotoxic T cells and decrease of Tregs. Given the interconnectivity of the gut microbiota and urogenital tract and the systemic immune system in the context of Uropathogenic E. coli infection, future experiments should consider the potential change in the gut microbiota and immune response resultant from bacteria instillation into the urinary tract [120–122]. Instillation of microbes to elicit anti-cancer activity has been demonstrated by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment for bladder cancer, but engineering tumor-homing microbes that persist therein has the potential added benefit of preventing recurrence by maintaining an anti-cancer environment [119]. Long-term effects of this increased inflammatory state and the safety of these treatments needs to be evaluated before widespread use given possible side effects of local or systemic infection or secondary cancer development [123].
Interaction-focussed therapy for aphasia: Effects on communication and quality of life
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2018
Dyad 1. The pre-therapy conversation samples collected for Dyad 1 revealed persistent test questioning from CP1, primarily when initiating new topics. These test questions were typically followed by long periods when A1 attempted self-repair, and CP1 offered cues and corrections. The pre-therapy samples also included many instances where A1 encountered difficulty producing a turn. Under these conditions, he would then attempt self-repair independently, spending considerable time trying to produce a syntactically complete clause. When CP1 became involved in A1’s attempts at self-repair, she often focussed on a discrete word produced by A1. The words identified by CP1 were usually paraphasias, and focussing on them set the conversation further off course. In consultation with the research clinician, CP1 and A1 decided to change these patterns. CP1 was to aim to decrease test questioning and correcting and cueing. In addition, rather than focussing on a small part of A1’s turn when initiating repair (e.g. Did you say tent?), she was encouraged to make broad, topically oriented guesses (e.g. Are you talking about our holiday?). A1’s therapy targets were to simplify the linguistic content of his turns, increase his use of multimodal resources (e.g. gesture, an iPad), and involve CP1 in his repair attempts more promptly. As shown in Table VI, post-therapy conversation samples demonstrated significant decreases in CP1’s test questioning and correcting and cueing, but her use of broad guesses did not significantly increase. Table VII shows that A1 did not achieve significant changes in any of the behaviours targeted.