China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
There's a good reason for having an unfinished brain atlas, and that reason is ethics. Scientists such as myself can't just go into people's heads and start cutting things out in order to see what happens. Rightly so! For that reason, as bad as it sounds, we researchers are actually somewhat thankful for the fragility of the brain. Why? Because that fragility allows us access to lots of people with different kinds of brain damage, who can be studied by neuropsychologists such as myself, in order to answer questions about how the human brain is organized and how it functions. Thus, neuropsychology unfortunately rests upon a foundation of human suffering, and I won't pretend otherwise. We do what we can to try and learn from that suffering.
Principles of Positron Emission Tomography
Published in W. R. Wayne Martin, Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders, 2019
An alternative approach uses a stereotactic method of anatomical localization.160 With this technique, a correspondence is established between anatomic regions in a stereotactic brain atlas and specific ROIs on the PET image. At the time of the PET study, a plastic plate with embedded radioopaque wires corresponding to the tomographic slices is attached to the headrest of the scanner and is aligned with the positioning laser line. A lateral skull X-ray records the position of the PET slices, indicated by the wires, in relation to the bony landmarks of the skull. This information is used to set up a transformation between the coordinate system of the stereotactic brain atlas and the coordinate system defining the location of ROIs on the PET slices. ROIs corresponding to specific brain structures can then be placed on the PET images, and conversely, the anatomic location of an ROI selected on the PET image can be determined. This method provides objective and reproducible anatomic localization when brain anatomy is normal.
Development and Developmental Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Differences in thickness of the gray mantle exist between children and adults and can contribute to differences in results between these groups (6). Children have a larger gray matter-white matter ratio than adults. This results in decreased volume averaging with subcortical white matter compared with that seen in adults. In children younger than two years, differentiation between gray and white matter becomes challenging because of the relative lack of myelinated white matter tracts. These differences affect warping onto a standardized brain atlas and also affect the choice of a motion correction algorithm, both of which are generally geared toward the adult brain (7).
Construction of a novel Chinese normal brain database using 18F-FDG PET images and MIMneuro software, the initial application in epilepsy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Longxiao Wei, Kun Guo, Yunbo Li, Zhirui Guo, Chengcheng Gao, Menghui Yuan, Ming Zhang
An integrated anatomical brain atlas, which is a probabilistic and single brain atlas with predefined volumes of interest, was also present in the template space. The statistical comparisons between the subject and normal database were conducted for each voxel in the brain to compute Z-scores. A Z-score cutoff of –1.65, which corresponds to a statistically significant difference from normal at the significance level of 0.05 using a one-tailed t-test, was applied to each voxel. The voxels with Z-scores below that cutoff were highlighted in a cool color scale on each subject’s registered brain where light blue, dark blue, and purple corresponded to a 95, 99, and 99.9% significant difference (as compared to the normal), respectively.
Iron-deficient diet induces distinct protein profile related to energy metabolism in the striatum and hippocampus of adult rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Jessica M. V. Pino, Erika S. Nishiduka, Márcio H. M. da Luz, Vitória F. Silva, Hanna K. M. Antunes, Alexandre K. Tashima, Pedro L. R. Guedes, Altay A. L. de Souza, Kil S. Lee
Rats were euthanized by decapitation and the whole brain was collected. Using a brain slicer matrix, the striatum and hippocampus were collected. Brain areas were recognized using a brain atlas [10]. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min at room temperature. Livers were cannulated and perfused with 20 mL of PBS containing enoxaparin (4 μg/mL). After tissue exsanguination, the medial fragment of the left lateral lobe was collected for analysis.