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EpidemiologySummary of Mental Health of Children and Young People in England (2017)
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The early years are a critical time of rapid development. These experimental statistics are England’s first estimates of disorder prevalence in two- to four-year olds, based on high-quality assessments with a national, random sample. One in 18 (5.5%) pre-school children were identified with at least one mental health disorder around the time of the interview, boys 6.8% and girls 4.2%.Behavioural disorders were evident in 2.5% of pre-school children, consisting mostly of oppositional defiant disorder (1.9%). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was identified in 1.4% of two- to four-year olds. Other disorders of specific relevance to this age group were assessed, of which sleeping (1.3%) and feeding (0.8%) disorders were the most common.
Process perspective
Published in Olaf Dammann, Etiological Explanations, 2020
Explaining the causal mechanisms that contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD; henceforth, autism) occurrence remains a conundrum in developmental medicine, neuroscience, and child psychiatry (Ashwood et al. 2011; Goyal and Miyan 2014; Patterson 2009; Ronemus et al. 2014). Recent research has led to consensus about behavioral definitions and their underlying cognitive processes, early diagnosis and standardized assessments, evidence-based interventions, systems-level approaches to neurobiology, and identification of genetic variants and their interaction with epigenetic and environmental factors (Lai, Lombardo, and Baron-Cohen 2014). However, an explanatory model of autism causation remains elusive.
Therapeutic Gases for Neurological Disorders
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
R. Rachana, Tanya Gupta, Saumya Yadav, Manisha Singh
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent communication and socialization impairments along with the restricted and repetitive behavioral patterns (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is also associated with some physiological and metabolic abnormalities including cerebral hypoperfusion, brain inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress (Rossignol and Frye, 2012). Meanwhile, behavioral therapies are the only efficacious treatment for ASD, else there is no known cure till date. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to investigate an alternative treatment for ASD with the known benefits.
The Use of a Pictorially Enhanced Self-Instruction Packet to Improve Weekly Time Sheet Completion in an ABA Clinic
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased steadily over recent years (Maenner et al., 2020) which in turn has increased the need for effective therapeutic interventions. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been repeatedly demonstrated as one of the most effective therapeutic treatments for ASD and other developmental disabilities (Makrygianni et al., 2018; Virués-Ortega, 2010). ABA’s effectiveness, coupled with the rise in ASD, has led to increased coverage by insurance companies and other funders to cover the costs of ABA treatment for ASD (Trump & Ayres, 2019). With the increases in insurance coverage for ABA also comes additional documentation requirements for services provided. Examples of such documentation include session notes, progress reports, and records of billing. In addition to funder requirements, accurate session notes and billing records are ethical requirements for Board Certified Behavior Analysts® (BCBAs) and Registered Behavior Technicians® (RBTs) by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (2020, 2018).
Effect of social skills training on interpersonal interactions of children with autism: an interventional research
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
It is important to recognize that the prevalence rate of autism is increasing from time to time. For instance, the report of Autism Society of America in 2007 indicated that it is growing at an alarming rate of 10-17 percent per year in America (Wang and Spillane 2009). In addition, a report by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2009 revealed that the prevalence of autism had risen to 1 in every 110 American children, with rates of 1 in every 70 boys and 1 in every 315 girls (Benedict 2007). Later on, based on the data collected across multiple areas of the United States in 2010, Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (2014) found that about 14.7 per 1,000 (one in 68) children were identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in which boys were almost 5 times more likely to be identified with ASD than girls. The other evidence in the same country estimated that the prevalence of ASD was 2.24%, a significant increase from the estimated annualized prevalence of 1.25% based on 2011–2013 data (Zablotsky et al. 2015). The recent report of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2016 also revealed that the prevalence of ASD among children of aged 8 was 18.5 per 1,000 or one in 54 (Schuchat et al.2020). These empirical evidences generally showed that the problem of autism is increasing from time to time.
Sibling involvement in interventions for children with a disability: a systematic review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Aideen Lynam, Martine M. Smith
The majority of individuals with a disability had a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including autism, Asperger’s syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Of the 140 participants with a disability, 120 had a diagnosis of ASD (85.71%). In addition to this, there were nine individuals who were reported to present with multiple diagnoses, one of which included ASD. Other co-occurring diagnoses included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression and oppositional defiance disorder. Only eleven participants with a disability did not have a diagnosis of ASD. Other reported diagnoses were Down syndrome (n = 3), Noonan syndrome (n = 1), speech motor delay (n = 1), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 3) and developmental delay (n = 3). There were no participants who were reported to have a diagnosis of an acquired or progressive disability. Given the dominance of ASD as a diagnostic group within the results, additional search terms (i.e., “cerebral palsy” OR “multiple sclerosis” OR blind OR deaf OR “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”) were used in a second search to capture any studies that might not have been identified using the broad terms (disorder* OR disab* OR difficult* OR impair* OR injur*) but no additional relevant studies were identified. See Supplemental Table 4 for a full list of participant characteristics for each of the 31 studies included.