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Cortical Deafness (Plus Other Central Hearing Disorders)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Finally, amusia occurs when a person has difficulties with perceiving music, which can also affect a person's ability to produce music (Clark et al., 2015). It's sort of like tone deafness, but caused by brain damage. More specifically, there may be changes to a person's perception of timbre, loudness, pitch, and other musical traits (e.g., Terao et al., 2006). They may report that singing now sounds like shouting or that all musical notes now sound the same (Piccirilli et al., 2000).
Pleasurable emotional response to music: A case of neurodegenerative generalized auditory agnosia
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
Brandy R. Matthews, Chiung-Chih Chang, Mary De May, John Engstrom, Bruce L. Miller
Music testing was undertaken at three separate 1–2-h encounters. During the initial session, pitch discrimination, melodic discrimination, and recognition of highly familiar tunes was assessed. The pitch discrimination task consisted of a series of 20 paired tones played consecutively. The subject correctly identified 13/20 as either ‘same’ or ‘different’. Melodic discrimination was assessed using the stimuli from the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA; Peretz et al., 2003) scale task. The subject responded correctly to 3/10 items presented before he asked that the test be discontinued because his answers represented ‘guessing’. High frequency American patriotic and folk tunes (i.e., ‘Happy Birthday’ and ‘My Country ‘Tis of Thee’) performed on piano and compiled as MIDI files for identification (Johnson, Chang, Gorno-Tempini, Brambati, & Miller, 2007) were then presented. JS was unable to correctly name or recognize as familiar any of the 12 selections. Subsequently, he was unable to identify a 3-min orchestral excerpt of the United States National Anthem. On further questioning, he was unable to name the instruments used in the recording nor could he reproduce the rhythm of this selection while it was presented aurally. In aggregate, the first music testing session revealed a pitch discrimination score slightly better than chance (potentially consistent with the relative preservation of pure tone audiogram) with an inability to recognize melody and timbre, to name highly familiar tunes, and to reproduce a presumably overlearned rhythm.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 2: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Tumour of frontal lobe is a known cause of anosmia (loss of olfactory function). Other common causes include injury to olfactory nerve, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Amusia is caused by lesions in the superior temporal lobe. Anterograde amnesia is caused by lesions in the medial temporal lobe. Apraxia is caused by lesions in the non-dominant parietal lobe. Bitemporal hemianopia is caused by tumours in the pituitary gland.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPNOSIS AND HYPNOTIC SUGGESTIONS ON THE MISMATCH NEGATIVITY IN HIGHLY HYPNOTIZABLE SUBJECTS
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2019
Seppo Hiltunen, Maarit Virta, Sakari Kallio, Petri Paavilainen
The recent study by Facco and colleagues (2014) was the first and thus far ostensibly the only published multiple-subject study investigating the possible effect of hypnotic suggestions on the MMN. Their suggestions were intended to alter their subjects’ perception of the auditory stimuli and to create a kind of amusia (a condition in which an individual is unable to recognize melodies or rhythms). This was carried out by removing the subjects’ ability to recognize deviant rhythms—that is, changes in sine tone durations of 50 ms for the standard and 100 ms for the deviant tones. The authors evaluated the effect of this “hypnotically induced amusia for rhythm” on the MMN in five high and five low hypnotizable subjects. MMN was recorded in the prehypnosis and the hypnotic suggestion conditions. MMN amplitude was significantly decreased during hypnotic amusia, but only in the high hypnotizable subjects.
Does Music Matter? A Look at the Issues and the Evidence
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2019
The singer with amusia, described earlier, could still sing in rhythm but had difficulty with pitch (Murayama et al., 2004). Pitch is important for speech, being one of the cues, along with timing and timbre, that contribute to speech prosody and to recognizing and producing emotion in both speech and music. Recognizing and producing emotions—happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, along with subtler emotions—are important as well for communication and social relationships. This makes noteworthy the reports that musically-trained adults do better than untrained adults on prosody tests: perceiving pitch-contours in music and speech (Schön, Magne, & Besson, 2004), perceiving prosody in speech (Thompson, Schellenberg, & Husain, 2003), and processing an “emotionally-charged sound” (Strait, Kraus, Skoe, & Ashley, 2009). The first study (Schön et al., 2004) included ERP measures and found overall shorter onset latencies for the musically-trained. The third study (Strait et al., 2009) went deeper, by recording evoked brain-stem potentials. The results, a seeming fit with Patel’s (2011) model, suggest that auditory expertise engenders “both enhancement and efficiency of subcortical neural responses,” responses “intimately connected with acoustic features important for the communication of emotional states” (p. 667). The results may have relevance for child-rearing and for building the parent-infant bond: the “emotionally-charged sound” was “an infant’s unhappy cry” (p. 662).
Online evaluation of congenital amusia (tone deafness) in paediatric stuttering individuals
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2019
Bünyamin Cildir, Özgül Akın Şenkal, Erdinç Aydın
Congenital amusia might be caused by factors such as visceral trauma, genetic combinations which have not been identified yet, neurochemical and environmental (such as learning) [12]. Accordance with the study by [13], ‘congenital amusia’ occurs within the context of normal language process and cognitive functions of music (such as memory and attention) [14]. Studies on individuals with this anomaly indicate that individuals can identify changes in pitch which are greater that one or two semitones [15] and cannot notice changes which are less than two semitones in repeated audio bitstreams [16].