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Postulated Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles on Motility
Published in Edwin E. Daniel, Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2019
Hans-Dieter Allescher, Sultan Ahmad
Several requirements have to be fulfilled to demonstrate that a substance is acting as a neurotransmitter: The substance should be present in neurons, and a mechanism for biosynthesis should exist.The substance should be released from neurons in response to an adequate stimulus, and exogenous application of the putative transmitter should mimic the cellular action of the endogenous transmitter when applied in close vicinity to the receptor. (Note that responses such as contraction or relaxation can each be mediated by multiple cellular mechanisms.)Specific blockade of the action of the exogenous agent should block the action of the endogenous transmitter and vice versa.There should be mechanisms to limit the action of the substance by either degradation, reuptake, or molecular modification which will result in an inactive or less active compound. Their manipulation should similarly affect the actions of the endogenous and the exogenous putative mediators.
Structured clinical reasoning for exercise prescription in patients with comorbidity
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Marike van der Leeden, Martijn M. Stuiver, Rosalie Huijsmans, Edwin Geleijn, Mariëtte de Rooij, Joost Dekker
Step 4 involves the synthesis of the information obtained in the first three steps, leading to the application of a tailored exercise program. Physical fitness is measured to define the patients’ baseline level (e.g., aerobic capacity, muscle strength) and to estimate starting values for exercise. Tests should be selected that are valid, feasible, and safe for the individual patient given the presence of comorbidity. Safety precautions (e.g., presence of an automated external defibrillator and other first aid procedures) should be taken. An evidence-based exercise program for the index disease, targeting the patients’ functional problems, remains the starting point. This program is applied if the identified comorbid conditions do not pose restrictions. If restrictions are identified, an adapted program is provided to accommodate these restrictions, while maintaining an adequate stimulus for physiological and behavioral adaptation. Consultation with other HPs should be explicitly considered, e.g., with a dietician or a psychologist. During the exercise program, signs, symptoms, and clinical parameters of the index disease and the comorbid disease(s) are monitored regularly because of the often changing health condition of a patient. This may result in further adaptation of the exercise program prescribed, for example, in adapting FITT factors or the model of periodization. Also, progress in physical fitness and personal goals should be evaluated at regular, predetermined intervals during the program. For example, muscle strength testing should be repeated every four weeks to adequately prescribe strength training intensity by ensuring sufficient overload.
Effect of board game activities on cognitive function improvement among older adults in adult day care centers
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2019
Cognitive training for patients with MCI is increasingly prevalent in Taiwan and in other countries. Vance et al. (2008) and Tseng et al. (2011) noted that providing adequate stimulus to a patient’s brain can force the brain’s neurons to form new connections, thereby improving cognitive abilities and slowing cognitive decline. The theoretical foundation of cognitive stimulation can be traced to reality orientation therapy, which was developed in the late 1950s. Cognitive stimulation is an intervention method for patients with cognitive impairment that provides a series of stimulating activities, which are typically conducted in groups; through these activities, patients’ concentration, thinking ability and memory can be enhanced.
Bout duration and number of players of soccer small-sided games affect perceived enjoyment, physiological responses, and technical-tactical performance
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
Zouhaier Farhani, Raouf Hammami, Javier Gene-Morales, Sabri Gaied Chortane, Anissa Bouassida, Alvaro Juesas, Juan C. Colado
Concerning physiological responses, the present study indicates that SSGs bout duration influences %HRpeak, La, and RPE. Previous research (Aguiar et al. 2015; Köklü et al. 2017) suggested that the variation of bout duration modifies physiological responses and game behaviour in soccer players, which coincides with our results. Increasing the duration of SSGs bouts to 12 minutes resulted in an augmented cardiovascular effort, La, and RPE responses. Specifically, the 1x12min condition induced an intensity of ~90% of peak HR that is similar to the intensity achieved in a soccer match (Esposito et al. 2004). Such values are considered to be an adequate stimulus for the cardiovascular system (Hoff et al. 2002; Hulka et al. 2016; Köklü et al. 2017). Physiological responses during 1 × 12 minutes of SSGs in terms of La and RPE were relatively higher compared to the interval-type SSGs (2x6 and 3 × 4 min). These dissimilarities could be caused by reduced rest and differences in the number of technical-tactical actions such as the ball contacts. Our results are supported by previous works (Dellal et al. 2008), who studied different SSGs protocols (2vs2, 3vs3, 4vs4, 5vs5) and found a rise of 10.7% in the mean HR in elite soccer players. In the same context, one study (Köklü et al. 2017) stated that the use of SSGs of continuous bouts (e.g., 1x12min) increased HR, La, and RPE during 2vs2, 3vs3, and 4vs4 SSGs. Likewise, our results show that a longer bout duration causes a greater cardiovascular demand than a short bout duration in SSGs. Accordingly, continuous bout durations of 4vs4 and 3vs3 SSGs may be used to develop aerobic performance (Casamichana and Castellano 2010; Hulka et al. 2016; Köklü et al. 2017). Regarding the specific influence of the number of players on the physiological variables, it is worth highlighting that three-a-side SSGs induce higher cardiovascular and lactate requirements and provoke a higher rate of perceived exertion than four-a-side games.