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Qualitative methods
Published in Kay Aranda, Critical Qualitative Health Research, 2020
As a health care professional, you enter the field with a distinct set of communication skills. Active listening, consciously attending to interactions, noticing responses, situation awareness, concentrating on mindful conversation, are all proficiencies that can be channeled into the research interview. However, the boundaries associated with the interviewer–interviewee relationship are dictated by the research purpose and ethical approval. Responding to a disclosure made in an interview that requires referral to another agency because what has been made known is either illegal or represents a danger to self or others, may be more skillfully handled because of professional training. The sine qua non is the interaction is determined by the research contract with the participant (made explicit in the information sheet and signed into the consent form): therapeutic intervention (bar an immediate crisis intervention and referral) is not a part of the process.
Retinoids in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa
Published in Ayse Serap Karadag, Berna Aksoy, Lawrence Charles Parish, Retinoids in Dermatology, 2019
Uwe Wollina, Piotr Brzezinski, André Koch
Classic trigger factors of HS are mechanical friction, hyperhidrosis, smoking, and obesity, but the importance of obesity and smoking seems to have decreased in recent years (10,11). Both are no conditio sine qua non.
Money talks, preference walks
Published in John Spiers, Patients, Power and Responsibility, 2018
Thirdly, and perhaps this is the most salient point, the sine qua non is the necessity of the dispersal of power – not only into localities, but also into individual hands. For democratic choice to be genuine, it must be individual as well as collective. It must be real and individual in every life. And for choices to be respected, they must be genuinely available, To be available, they must be attainable when the individual wishes.
Biosimilar and generic formulations of novel antidiabetic drugs: the role of liraglutide in clinical pharmacology of type 2 diabetes
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Manfredi Rizzo, Francesco Cosentino, Christos Mantzoros
It is difficult to predict at the moment whether the forthcoming biosimilar and/or generic formulations of novel antidiabetic drugs, such as liraglutide, will be a real opportunity for our patients. A sine qua non of future biosimilar compounds is their equivalent effectiveness and safety at the time of approval and over time thereafter. This is particularly important when biosimilars or generics are produced by smaller companies with relative experience and in countries where regulatory oversight and/or quality controls are not as organized and/or not as strict. For instance, the injectable drug often depends its clinical value on the performance of the injection device; therefore, the device should also be evaluated when it is going to be on the market. In some areas of the world, such as the Asian continent, as reported by Taiwanese group, even low-dose GLP-1RA shows effectiveness [19]. This contributes to the discussion about the active use of liraglutide with lower cost and greater benefit in these areas.
Alcohol and Sexual Health Behavior: “What We Know and How We Know It”
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2019
Scientifically speaking, sex after drinking causality can be truly determined only by using controlled experiments in which alcohol is systematically manipulated. In addition to the obvious need to control extraneous influences (e.g., predrinking food consumption) that might contaminate the findings, the sine qua non of an experiment is the random assignment of research participants to conditions—say, being given an alcoholic versus a nonalcoholic beverage. As a consequence, any differences between the two groups in, for example, sexual behavior can only be caused by alcohol; rival explanations can be ruled out. Experimental paradigms have other distinct advantages over nonexperimental methods. First, experiments permit investigation and evaluation of in-the-moment operation of proximal situational variables and processes that reflect or affect sexual behavior. Second, alcohol variables, such as amount consumed and achieved intoxication level, can be validated unequivocally. Third, experiments permit a definitive determination of the causal ordering of events. The latter advantage, specifying that the drinking precedes sexual risk behavior, is significant because it controls for the reverse-causation possibility. For example, in real life, a person may decide to pursue an opportunity for risky sexual behavior and proceed to drink alcohol in anticipation, creating the artifactual impression that alcohol played a causal role. Finally, because experiments allow simultaneous consideration of distal and proximal determinants, they foster theory refinement and advancement based on identification, isolation, and evaluation of mediating and moderating mechanisms. Given these important advantages, experimental studies provide the best source of evidence for evaluation of causal linkages between alcohol and sexual behavior.
Customized 3D printed multi-drug systems: an effective and efficient approach to polypharmacy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Kundai R. Mazarura, Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara
Because of the prevalence and chronicity of both communicable and non-communicable diseases such as Hypertension, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes, patients are often prescribed long-term regimens comprising multiple medications [1–3] While there is no set definition of polypharmacy, it is commonly described as the concurrent prescribing of at least four or five medicines, for instance, a typical regimen for a hypertensive patient with hypercholesterolemia contains Enalapril 10 mg, Carvedilol 10 mg, Spironolactone 10 mg, Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg at least once daily, and Simvastatin 20 mg [4]. Following administration requirements to the letter is a sine qua non for effective polypharmacy. Unfortunately, both intentional and non-intentional non-adherence are frequent consequences of polypharmacy [5]. Poor medication adherence has been linked to a deterioration in the prognosis of patients with non-communicable diseases, coupled with other negative effects such as increased mortality and costs [6]. Recent findings from a study examining the factors associated with non-adherence among older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy showed a 79.6% prevalence of non-adherence in 74 non-institutionalized patients aged ≥65 years with ≥2 chronic conditions [7]. The former statistics cohere with Butler and coworkers’ previous findings, in which non-adherence was associated with 4–11% of all hospitalizations and 7.6% of emergency visits, with a staggering overall incidence of 40–86% [8]. A formulation-based solution to the pressing issues of polypharmacy was the introduction of Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) commonly referred to as ‘polypills’ targeted at reducing the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events [9]. In 2016, polypills were formally recommended and included in the European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention and the World Health Organization proposed polypills as a significant strategy for improving cardiovascular disease management [10,11].