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Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Threatened Medicinal Plants of North East India
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Kalkame Ch. Momin, N. Surmina Devi
In-situ conservation involves the protecting the species in natural or semi-natural state in their dwelling environment. It has the potential to conserve wild family of crop plant species, their landraces and traditional cultivars. In-situ conservation can be achieved by different methods. The locally available landraces are preserved and managed in their natural area by means of in-situ method. Plant species and probable protected area for preserving the plants in-situ should be finalized based on the biodiversity map and policy of the government. An effort has been made in Garo hills district of Meghalaya, where more than 10,000 ha of land have been acknowledged as endangered reservation for different species of Citrus plants. The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, had identified 18 biosphere reserves based on survey data and four (04) of them are situated under the NE region (Table 10.6).
Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptors and Medical Cannabis
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The total cannabinoid content of a product offers only a crude index of therapeutic effect, since much of the end-user experience is dictated by other chemicals acting in concert, including the 100-plus cannabinoids in plant material and abundant terpenes. While the ratio of cannabinoids, particularly between THC and CBD, may help predict many effects, terpenes figure more prominently than was realized until very recently. Of interest in relation to the clinical trials conducted in the development of the standardized, dose-controlled plant extract medicine nabiximols, is that the approximate 1:1 THC:CBD ratio was demonstrated to be most effective for analgesia. That balanced ratio is characteristic of some historical landrace strains of cannabis cultivated over thousands of years, but as the illicit “recreational” market developed, that ratio would tip dramatically to the intoxicating THC, as the intoxicant-modulating CBD and certain terpenes were recessively bred out of commercial cannabis. The development or reclamation of CBD-rich hybrids of cannabis has been a renewed interest for contemporary medical cannabis cultivators.
Melons of Central Asia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Ravza F. Mavlyanova, Sasha W. Eisenman, David E. Zaurov
The development of local melon cultivars and landraces also has a long history. Regionally, Central Asia has a wide diversity of soil and climatic conditions, and this influenced where melon cultivation and breeding occurred. Melon culture was impacted by climatic factors; the timing of warm spring days necessary for seed germination, the length of the growing season, and the timing of the harvest period. When different types of melon were grown in the same area, cross-pollination produced different varieties. Farmers selected those plants which produced fruits with good color, flavor, and sweetness. As a result of repeatedly sowing seeds from a single lineage, desirable traits were gradually incorporated in new landraces. Locally bred landraces were redistributed from area to area through trade, family ties, and conquest.
Global impact of trace non-essential heavy metal contaminants in industrial cannabis bioeconomy
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Louis Bengyella, Mohammed Kuddus, Piyali Mukherjee, Dobgima J. Fonmboh, John E. Kaminski
Heavy metals loading into xylem vessels occurs via HMA2 and/or HMA4 proteins (Park and Ahn 2017), and sequestration results from the binding of chelating proteins and transporters (Uraguchi et al. 2009). Heavy metals trafficking from xylem to phloem is mediated by PHT1:1, PHT1:4, and heavy metal ATPase and cation exchanger 2 (Wong and Cobbett 2009). Recently, Ahmad et al. (2016) identified two important HMs responsive genes, glutathione-disulfidereductase (GSR) and phospholipase D-α (PLDα) in C. sativa that are overregulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under stress. In another study, an increase in phytochelatin and DNA content was observed when C. sativa was subjected to heavy metal stress conditions (Citterio et al. 2003). The cannabis genome consists of 54 GRAS transcription factors (involved in growth and development) that regulate 40 homologous GRAS genes under cadmium stress (Ming-Yin et al. 2020). Thus, we suggest the application of reverse genetics to silence HMs transporters in the developmental process of next-generation domesticated cannabis. This approach has the potential to mitigate the intrinsic phytoremediation propensity, ensure consumer safety, and boost the cannabis bioeconomy. However, to develop HMs hyperaccumulating cannabis strains for applied biotechnologies such as phytoremediation, phytomining, and pre-cultivation cleaning of farmland, exploring evolved and adapted landraces from global HMs hotspots (Table 1) could facilitate the process. Cannabis landraces from global HMs hotspots should be studied for their unique physiological propensity to uptake, transport, and sequestrate HMs and avert extinction in extreme growing conditions.