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Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Disorders of puberty are classified into precocious puberty, defined as sexual maturation before the age of 8 years, and delayed puberty, when menses does not start by age 17, or testicular development is delayed beyond age 20. True precocious puberty results from premature activation of the HPG axis, leading to the development of secondary sex characteristics as well as gametogenesis. The most frequent causes are CNS lesions or infections, hypothalamic disease or hypothyroidism. The youngest confirmed mother in history was a Peruvian girl, who in the 1930s gave birth to a healthy baby boy when she was only 5.5 years old. The causes of her precocious puberty were never determined. Pseudoprecocious puberty is defined as an early development of secondary sexual characteristics without gametogenesis. It can result from abnormal exposure of immature boys to androgens and of immature girls to estrogens. Augmented steroid production can be of gonadal or adrenal origin.
Unexplained Fever In Neurological Disorders
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
It is generally believed that the hypothalamus plays an important role in thermoregulation. The anterior hypothalamus controls thermoregulatory sweating by serving as an internal temperature sensing organ.50 The hypothalamus is capable of establishing the set point for body temperature by inborn ionic mechanism within the region of its posterior part.51 Bauer offered convincing clinical evidence by reporting abnormalities of body temperature in 13 out of 60 patients in whom hypothalamic disease was proven by biopsy. In four, fever was the presenting symptom.52 Although the common presentation of abnormal hypothalamic temperature regulation takes the form of bouts of hypothermia, hyperthermia has been described. Following operations in the region of the floor of the third ventricle, the temperature may rise to 4PC (106°F) or even higher. It usually remains elevated until death some hours or days later and is resistant to treatment with common antipyretic drugs. The temperature may, however, be reduced by the combination of phenobarbitol and physical cooling of the body.
The Pituitary Gland Eva Nagy
Published in Istvan Berczi, Pituitary Function and Immunity, 2019
Hypopituitarism or hypothalamic disease may be caused by a large variety of lesions. Reduced secretion of TSH causes thyroid atrophy (central hypothyroidism). The symptoms are poor cold tolerance, fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, slow speech and movement, hoarse voice, thin lateral eyebrows, and slow heart rate. Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and anemia may also occur.
TNFSF15 Polymorphisms are Associated with Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Ophthalmopathy in a Han Chinese Population
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Meiqin Zhang, Shichun Liu, Ji Xu, Sha Lv, Yujie Fan, Yao Zhang, Yongye Zhang, Yufei Wu, Yang Su, Hongsong Yu, Shengfang Song, Jianhua He, Hua Li
The study consisted of 315 newly-diagnosed Han Chinese patients (94 males and 221 females; mean age, 35.84 ± 14.00 years) with GD with (n = 229) or without (n = 86) ophthalmopathy and 813 controls (290 males and 523 females; mean age, 37.17 ± 8.65 years) and was conducted at Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, from June 2016 to December 2018. All patients were recruited from the Outpatient Department of Nuclear Medicine. GD was diagnosed by an endocrinologist based on the clinical and biochemical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were measured. GO was diagnosed by an endocrinologist and an ophthalmologist based on the presence of clinical symptoms and classified according to the system recommended by the American Thyroid Association Committee.20 GO patients were defined based on their clinical activity score (CAS): inactive GO, CAS ≤2; active GO, CAS ≥3 (totaling 7).21 The controls were healthy individuals enrolled at the Healthy Check-Up Center of the same hospital. Participants were excluded if they suffered from pituitary disorders, hypothalamic disease, hypertension, diabetes or had a family history of thyroid diseases. We also excluded patients who were suffering from AAU, IBD, PBC, SLE or any other autoimmune disease, or those who were pregnant or lactating.
Thyroid disease in the perimenopause and postmenopause period
Published in Climacteric, 2018
M. M. Uygur, T. Yoldemir, D. G. Yavuz
Environmental iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism on a worldwide basis34. In areas of iodine sufficiency, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Hypothyroidism may occur as a result of radioiodine or surgical treatment and after external beam radiation for non-thyroid-related head and neck malignancies, including lymphoma. A relatively new pharmacologic cause of iatrogenic hypothyroidism is tyrosine kinase inhibitors, most notably sunitinib35,36, which may induce hypothyroidism through reduction of glandular vascularity and induction of type 3 deiodinase activity. Central hypothyroidism occurs when there is insufficient production of bioactive TSH37,38 due to pituitary or hypothalamic tumors, inflammatory or infiltrative diseases, hemorrhagic necrosis (Sheehan’s syndrome), or surgical and radiation treatment for pituitary or hypothalamic disease. In central hypothyroidism, serum TSH may be mildly elevated, but assessment of serum FT4 is usually low, differentiating it from subclinical primary hypothyroidism. Consumptive hypothyroidism is a rare condition that may occur in patients with hemangiomata and other tumors in which type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is expressed, resulting in accelerated degradation of T4 and T339,40.
Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2018
Fahad D. Alosaimi, Ebtihaj O. Fallata, Mohammed Abalhassan, Abdulhadi Alhabbad, Nasser Alzain, Bandar Alhaddad, Mohammed Z. Alassiry
Consecutive male and female patients seeking psychiatric help in the included hospitals during the study period were asked to join the study. Those who signed the informed consent irrespective of the type of psychiatric diagnosis, the duration of disease, and recent use of psychotropic medications were included. Patients whose records and interview indicated an absence of psychiatric diseases (n = 59), no blood prolactin measurement (n = 209), women who were pregnant or lactating at the time of the study (n = 16), those who had a pituitary tumour (n = 3), and those who had hypothalamic disease (n = 2) were excluded. Therefore, 997 of the 1264 patients who were initially reviewed were included in the current analysis.