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Total Body Irradiation
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Dose homogeneity is regarded by some clinicians as important (Doughty et al. 1987), but by others (Barrett 1995) as less so, because they consider that the aim is to give as much dose as possible to the areas most likely to contain disease. This can be taken further by the application of a boost dose to the brain or to the spleen (Lapidot et al. 1988). The ACR-ASTRO guidelines (ACR 2017) recommend that dose homogeneity should be within ±10%.
Growth Mixture Modeling
Published in Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle, Structural Equation Modeling for Health and Medicine, 2021
Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle
Many researchers use longitudinal techniques under the assumption of a homogenous study sample. Adapting modeling strategies for health and clinical outcomes that allow for underlying heterogeneity can uncover trends and relationships that have been heretofore been obscured by the homogeneity assumption.
Predictive Modeling with Supervised Machine Learning
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
For example, if a subset of data after split has 75% class A and 25% class B for that subset, the impurity would be . If the other subset had 5% class A and 95% class B, its impurity would be . If the subset sizes after the split were equal, total weighted impurity would be . These calculations will be done for each potential variable and the split, and every node will be constructed based on gini impurity decrease. If the variable is continuous, the cutoff value will be decided based on the best impurity. For example, gene expression values will have splits such as “PIGX expression ¡ 2.1”. Here 2.1 is the cutoff value that produces the best impurity. There are other homogeneity measures, however gini impurity is the one that is used for random forests, which we will introduce next.
The impact of coexisting fibromyalgia syndrome on disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Cevriye Mülkoğlu, F. Figen Ayhan
This single-center cross-sectional study was conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic of our hospital between June 2018 and December 2019. The patients with PsA diagnosed according to the CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria [27] and with RA classified according to the ACR 2010 criteria [28] were recruited for this study. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 65 years, being followed up with these diagnoses, and were undergoing treatment such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticosteroids, conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) and/or biologic agents. The patients who had peripheral or axial PsA were included but mixed type of PsA were not included. We believe that mixed type should be excluded to achieve homogeneity and similarity between both patient groups. Patients with other rheumatological diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome, chronic neurological, chronic kidney and liver diseases, thyroid disorders and other chronic illnesses (e.g. cardiac and respiratory diseases) were excluded from this study. This study was approved by the local ethics committee of our institution and performed in accordance with the ethical standards specified in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The patients were informed about the study and written consent was obtained from all participants.
Pricing methods in outcome-based contracting: δ5: risk of efficacy failure-based pricing
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
Nimer S. Alkhatib, Ali McBride, Sandipan Bhattacharjee, Kenneth Ramos, Brian Erstad, Marion Slack, Dean Billheimer, Ivo Abraham
Our 7-step method is based on these assumptions. First, drug comparators are assumed to be evaluated on the basis of the same clinical trial data. This ensures homogeneity of patient populations, clinical trial protocols, disease monitoring, drug administration, and follow-up. Second, in an outcome-based contract, the payer is paid back in the form of price reductions for those patients in which drug A may fail. Third, the payback ranges from − risk of efficacy failure% to 0%, based on the assumption that the estimated risk of efficacy failure, by MCS, is the upper bound for a range between 0% to risk of efficacy failure%: the points selected on all curves for each efficacy measure are the lowest possible values and can be considered as the worst possible probabilities of events to occur.
Comparative outcomes of extracapsular dissection and superficial parotidectomy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Kerem Ozturk, Arin Ozturk, Goksel Turhal, Isa Kaya, Serdar Akyildiz, Umit Uluoz
Xie et al. reported that selection bias and lack of randomisation creates limitation for deciding optimal treatment method in their meta-analyses [20]. Selection criteria of the studies directly affect postoperative outcomes, and this can be seen as the superiority of one technique. So, creating homogeneity in both groups is essential for accurate postoperative analyses of surgical techniques. In our study, we selected patients with certain inclusion criteria, tumour size and location did not significantly differ between the groups in preoperative evaluations. We did not observe any complication due to the surgery in the ECD group. Preserving tumour capsule and meticulous dissection offers safe resection of the tumour without harming normal parotid tissue. We think that ECD is a less invasive method with less postoperative minor complications. On the other hand, in the ECD procedure, meticulous dissection and dissecting the facial nerve without certain anatomic landmarks requires advanced surgical experience. In our study, surgeons with at least 15 years of experience in parotid surgery performed ECD and SP. Also, they were experienced in using facial nerve monitoring. These can be seen additional factors that reduce the minor postoperative complication rates of ECD group.