China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Goods and consumer issues
Published in Michael Weir, Law and Ethics in Complementary Medicine, 2023
The Australian government is active in regulating the international movement (including import and export) of native fauna and flora under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC). It is also supportive of the efforts of other countries to protect their own fauna and flora that have been identified as significant under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). These measures may impact on complementary medicine practitioners, such as TCM practitioners, herbalists or naturopaths, who prepare, export or import protected flora or fauna for therapeutic use.
Ethnomedicinal Plants of North Eastern Himalayan Region of India to Combat Hypertension
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Pintubala Kshetri, K. Tamreihao, Subhra Saikat Roy, Thangjam Surchandra Singh, Susheel Kumar Sharma, Meraj Alam Ansari
In this regard, the traditional healing remedies practiced by indigenous people of the North-Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India which are mostly populated by tribal communities are also worth mentioning. The traditional healers of these regions have extensive knowledge on the use of plants and herbs for medicinal and nutritional purposes through experience gained from trial and error. The knowledge was passed from one generation to other by oral traditions. Moreover, these regions have also been conferred with rich diversity of flora and fauna. Most of the people inhabited in rural or hilly areas of these regions have relied on medicinal plants for mitigation of hypertension and other related diseases (Shankar et al., 2012). However, majority of these medicinal plants are not well documented in terms of the presence of bioactive compounds and scientific evidence of their medicinal/ healing properties. This chapter will give the summarization on ethnomedicinal plants and scientific mechanisms of action that are used by different ethnic groups of NEH region India for treating hypertension which is regarded as one of the key important risk factors for chronic disease worldwide.
Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Climatic factors influence the occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases through multiple direct and indirect effects upon pathogenic microorganisms and their vectors, reservoirs, and hosts. Climate influences the flora and fauna of a region. Such influence is great in vector-borne, viral and rickettsial zoonotic diseases transmitted by arthropods. Murine typhus and the arbovirus diseases including yellow fever and dengue are examples. Climate also influences vector-borne protozoal diseases such a malaria, leishmaniasis, and African and American trypanosomiasis. Much of the climatic effect is mediated by the influence of temperature on the development of the insects that are vectors of these diseases. Development of microorganisms carried by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods is also influenced by the temperature of the mi croen vironment within their vector hosts. Survival rates of vectors and the rates of multiplication and transmission of microorganisms that infect them are also temperature dependent. Temperature and precipitation are related to the incidence of nonvector-borne infectious diseases such as cholera and leptospirosis also. The epidemic due to hantavirus in the southwest U.S. in 1993 was associated with an increase in the wild rodent population brought about by food availability resulting from the abundant rainfall at the time.
Effect of bacterial toxin identified from the Bacillus subtilis against the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Govindaraju Ramkumar, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani, Mohamed S Elshikh, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang
In order to control the rice leaffolders and other lepidopteron pests and increase the production of rice, most farmers have resorted to applying increased levels of various chemical pesticides and synthetic insecticides year around (Babendreier et al. 2020). As a result, the amount of pesticides being applied to rice has increased significantly over the past few generations (Özkara et al. 2016, Gunstone et al. 2021). When used improperly, chemical insecticides indirectly contribute to the spread of rice leaffolders by destroying the natural enemies of rice leaffolders and other bio-friendly organisms (Pingali and Roger 2012, Ali et al. 2017, Hong-xing et al. 2017). They also kill non- target and beneficial organisms, like pollinators and soil fauna. Thus, the present research is focused on investigating the insecticidal property of B. subtilis in the management of rice leaffolder pests.
Toxicity of Trewia nudiflora-mediated silver nanoparticles on mosquito larvae and non-target aquatic fauna
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Venkattan Esan, Chakkaravarthy Elanchezhiyan, Shahid Mahboob, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim, Fahad Al-Misned, Zubair Ahmed, Kuppusamy Elumalai, Kaliyamoorthy Krishnappa, Govindarajan Marimuthu
Various chemicals have been developed to combat mosquitoes and their related vector-borne diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018). Most are synthetic chemical insecticides (SCIs) that may have adverse health effects. Although they are primarily evolving agents for controlling mosquito vectors, the extensive and frequent application of SCIs leads to direct and indirect effects in the ecosystem with various unpredictable side effects that can collapse ecological sustainability, reduce faunal health, abolish non-target fauna, and deposit non-degradable SCIs (Veerakumar et al.2014, Bharati et al.2019). As a result, researchers have evaluated viable agents for controlling mosquitoes produced from several botanical ingredients. These agents are environmentally friendly and inexpensive; they also exhibit effectively targeting and are recyclable and safer toward non-target fauna (Kamiya et al.2019).
Larval and gut enzyme toxicity of n-hexane extract Epaltes pygmaea DC. against the arthropod vectors and its non-toxicity against aquatic predator
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kesavan Amala, Raja Ganesan, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Muthiah Chellappandian, Patcharin Krutmunag, Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan, Faruq Mohammad, Athirstam Ponsankar, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
The chief strategy in managing these medically challenging vectors is through the wide use of synthetic chemicals chiefly organophosphate, organochlorine, and pyrethroids (Dias and Moraes 2014, Vasantha-Srinivasan et al. 2017, Chellappandian et al.2018). Although the success of controlling is less due to diverse factors including inconsistencies preparation of chemicals, human behaviors, resistance development due to improper usage, and high preparative cost (Silva et al.2008, Tan et al.2014, Thanigaivel et al.2012, 2017a, 2017b). Several other factors have driven current legislative changes in using synthetic pesticides (Benelli 2015a, 2015b). At present, mosquito control strategies have been drifted by using sterile insect technique (SIT) for suppression of mosquito vectors which is very efficient in suppressing the populations of Aedes and Culex species. But the major limitations are that it can be used for only mosquito population suppression and cannot be utilized in large scales for effective vector management (Benelli 2018). Apart from this technique, the major mosquito biocontrol strategies also rely on (i) Mosquito predators: natural predators of mosquito feeding on larvae and pupae in the same ecological niche of the mosquitoes, although it causes threats to other amphibians in the native aquatic fauna. (ii) Entomopathogenic microbes: naturally occurring microbes devoted in controlling insect pests especially vectors of medical importance, although optimal conditions and methods need to be followed for applying fungal spores into mosquito populations.