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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Dissemination of the information obtained from the survey as well as the information about the measures of control being taken and the results obtained by the control measures is essential to the success of the surveillance and control activities being carried out. Without the enthusiastic collaboration of personnel of the health services, both public and private, epidemiological surveillance cannot be fully accomplished and as a result programs for improving public health will fail.
Describing what happens: Clinical case reports, case series, occurrence studies
Published in Milos Jenicek, Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2019
Independent of the field of application of epidemiological surveillance, surveillance will remain in public health as an ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data needed to plan, implement and evaluate public health programs.85 Surveillance of disease occurrence must serve some concrete purpose, if only a better orientation of further research. Epidemiological surveillance may be either passive or active: In passive surveillance, routine data such as hospital and other health service records or national demographic data are periodically explored. Observations and recommendations follow. In active surveillance, all information is gathered by a special ad hoc program, targeting data that are not available from current routine sources. Its objectives are set first and the surveillance program follows. For example, life expectancy is a subject of passive surveillance. Prevailing serotypes of influenza virus or herd immunity in school children against childhood infections are the subject of active surveillance. Several phenomena may currently be the subject of surveillance:
Djibouti
Published in Salah Hassan, Kidd Michael, Family Practice In The Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2018
The data used by these sub-systems mainly comes from weekly epidemiological surveillance bulletins on health training, monthly health training activity reports, personal data, surveys among health services, household surveys, censuses, specific studies, and research.
The role of glomerular lesions in the prognosis of patients with acute kidney injury during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Min Min, Meiling Liu, Chunyu Lu, Lina Zhu, Jiong Zhang, Jinquan Wang
Hantavirus infection is linked to the working and living environment of patients. Humans are not the natural host of Hantavirus, and infection occurs in most cases due to accidental inhalation of virus-containing aerosols in rodent feces. Living or working in an environment with rodents has a high risk of infection [18]. In our study, the patients’ main occupation was farmer or worker, and most of them had experience working outdoors before the onset of HFRS. Additionally, the majority of the patients in this study were male, which is in accordance with the previously reported epidemiological characteristics of HFRS [19]. Rodent control is still the primary measure of prevention of HFRS. Epidemiological surveillance and vaccination are also important measures to protect susceptible populations. Unfortunately, no FDA-approved vaccines or drugs are available. More efforts are needed to develop a usable vaccine or targeted drugs for HFRS. According to previous clinical trials, intravenous ribavirin in the treatment of HFRS significantly reduced the risk of developing severe illness and the risk of mortality, but other studies have not proven these benefits [20].
Privacy and Health Practices in the Digital Age
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2022
Monique Pyrrho, Leonardo Cambraia, Viviane Ferreira de Vasconcelos
The collection, storage and processing of data with epidemiological surveillance purposes provide essential information for public health practices. The demand for health data availability can be highly increased by events with broader collective impact, such as epidemics and pandemics. The extensive use of medical and other personal information in the digital era brings increased concerns regarding confidentiality and privacy. In fact, these are questions related to public health surveillance at least since the modern foundation of the concept in the 19th century (Choi 2012). Privacy is a persistent concern when the subject is public health surveillance. The aggregation of registries and the corresponding risk of exposure of individuals and stigmatization had prolific chapters in the literature on HIV/AIDS and other diseases such as tuberculosis (Myers et al. 2008).
Development and validation of a simple algorithm to estimate common gestational age categories using standard administrative birth record data in Ontario, Canada
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Tiffany Fitzpatrick, Andrew S. Wilton, Astrid Guttmann
The data routinely collected during healthcare delivery or epidemiological surveillance have generated novel opportunities for health research (Margulis et al. 2013; Eberg et al. 2017). However, such databases only contain information collected by providers at the time of care or otherwise relevant to the main purpose of data collection. For example, large administrative or clinical databases often contain incomplete or inaccurate information regarding gestational age at delivery, despite this being critical for the study of many maternal and child health outcomes (Margulis et al. 2013; Eberg et al. 2017). Consequently, researchers (Lynch and Zhang 2007; Callaghan and Dietz 2010; Margulis et al. 2013; Eberg et al. 2017) using health administrative data have relied on estimates of pregnancy duration using the best data available. The most common estimation methods for gestation age include: (1) assigning a uniform duration (i.e. 270–280 days); (2) estimation based solely on birthweight (i.e. growth charts); (3) estimation based on delivery codes for short gestation; (4) estimation based on routine prenatal care claims; and (5) combinations of the above methods (Margulis et al. 2013; Eberg et al. 2017).