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Parasites and Conservation Biology
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
A more recent example of an introduced host encountering resistance from indigenous parasites involves an invasive planthopper called the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, in eastern North America. This planthopper originates from Asia and feeds on many plant types and where introduced has proven especially damaging to apple and grape crops. Two native and unrelated species of entomopathogenic fungi, Batkoa major and Beauveria bassiana together have caused localized collapses of the spotted lanternfly. It remains to be seen if the introduced pest species can be wiped out by the fungal one-two co-epizootic punch, will rebound or will exist in boom–bust cycles influenced by fungal infections. By amplifying the amount of insect-attacking fungi in the environment, if the fungi were to begin to more strongly affect native insects, the lanternfly’s introduction would comprise an example of a spillback effect.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
The phloroglucinol derivative uliginosin B is found in the herbaceous plant H. polyanthemum native to South Brazil. This molecule is a promising antidepressant, which activates the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system (Nunes et al., 2014; Stein et al., 2012). Furthermore, H. polyanthemum accumulates benzopyrans, chlorogenic acid and flavonoids (Nunes et al., 2010). A weekly application of 2 mM SA increased the amount of uliginosin B and total phenolic compounds in acclimatized H. polyanthenum plants after 18 weeks (Nunes et al., 2014). Mechanical damage, 10 mM SA and the combination of both treatments were able to induce higher levels of uliginosin B in leaves after 1 or 2 days. The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi induced production of three benzopyrans and total phenolic compounds in H. polyanthemum plantlets (Meirelles et al., 2013). The former compounds have been studied for their antinociceptive and antitumoral activities (Ferraz et al., 2005; Haas et al., 2010). After 48 and 72 h of exposure of acclimatized plants to a dried autoclaved cell powder of N. rileyi, increased levels of the three benzopyrans were observed in vegetative parts. In addition, a twofold increase in total phenolic compounds was promoted after 24 h of fungal exposure (Meirelles et al., 2013).
Hypersensitivity and Allergic Fungal Manifestations: Diagnostic Approaches
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana are considered promising biological control agents for a variety of arthropod pests. Beauveria species, however, have the potential to elicit allergenic reactions in humans, and recently four putative allergens were identified to be Bb-Enol, with similarity to fungal enolases: Bb-f2, similar to the A. fumigatus major allergen, Asp f 2, and to a fibrinogen binding mannoprotein; Bb-Ald, similar to ALDHs; and Bb-Hex, similar to Af-acetyl-hexosaminadases (79).
Comparison of chemical profiles, antioxidation, inhibition of skin extracellular matrix degradation, and anti-tyrosinase activity between mycelium and fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Adchara Prommaban, Suwannee Sriyab, Pachabadee Marsup, Waranya Neimkhum, Jakkapan Sirithunyalug, Songyot Anuchapreeda, Chaiwat To-anun, Wantida Chaiyana
Entomopathogenic fungi, a type of fungal pathogen that infects a wide range of insect species, are divided into five categories: Chytridiomycota (Chytrids), the Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), the Ascomycota (sac fungi), the Basidiomycota (club fungi), and the recently described phylum Glomeromycota (Litwin et al. 2020). Among Cordycipitaceae, Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. Link (Dong-Chung-Ha-Cho) and Isaria tenuipes Peck (Snowflake Dong-Chung-Ha-Cho) are the authentic fungal supplies for food ingredients, herbal products, and dietary supplements in various Asian countries (Moon et al. 2018). C. militaris has been reported to grow in many geographic locations and can be artificially cultivated in the laboratory (Nxumalo et al. 2020). C. militaris is one of the well-known Cordyceps that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over a century as health-promoting supplements (Ng and Wang 2005). C. militaris has been shown to have a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and antitumor properties (Ng and Wang 2005; Marsup et al. 2020).
Synergistic effect of entomopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum extract in combination with temephos against three major mosquito vectors
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Perumal Vivekanandhan, Sengodan Karthi, Muthugounder S. Shivakumar, Giovanni Benelli
Entomopathogenic fungi are among the most important species considered as potential biological control agents [16]. As significant number of them are preferred as they exhibit selective toxicity, do not persist, and do not need to be ingested [17]. There are several entomopathogenic fungi which have been tested for mosquito larval control. Metarhizium anisopliae has excellent toxic activity against Ae. aegypti [18], its secondary metabolites shows larvicidal and adulticidal activity against An. stephensi [19]. Fusarium oxysporum is a pathogenic soil-borne fungus distributed worldwide. Agricultural pests are naturally infected by F. oxysporum [20]. F. oxysporum strains can infect and kill a large range of hosts with agricultural and medically importance [21]. Synergism is the joint action where one component of the mixture has the effect of increasing the potency of the other component of the mixture, such that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects, as recently elucidated for binary mixtures of green biopesticides [22,23]. Besides, some insecticides have the capacity to increase stress and affect insect behavior, which may lead to improved performances of entomopathogens [24].
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
Akbar et al. (2004) declared that Protect-It enhances the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against larval T. castaneum. Protect-It removed phospholipids and long-chain fatty acids of insect cuticle, resulting in increasing conidial attachment, accessing the nutrients to conidia for their germination. Likewise, Lord (2005) declared that the number of progenies produced by R. dominica was significantly reduced when B. bassiana was combined with Protect-It. He emphasized that IDIs absorbed water and the wax layer of insects’ cuticle which is synergized by B. bassiana. SilicoSec® also enhanced the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on T. confusum (Michalaki et al. 2006) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown and Smith (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on adults and larvae of T. confusum and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae (Michalaki et al. 2007). Similarly, Riasat et al. (2011) stated that the toxicity of B. bassiana plus Diafil610 against R. dominica was significantly more than application of fungi unformulated conidia or Diafil610 alone. It indicates the Diafil610 particles synergize fungal spore penetration and germination. Wakil et al. (2011) also suggested the combination of enhanced IDI formulation DEBBM and B. bassiana had increased efficacy against R. dominica. The entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana has ovicidal potential and the spores could penetrate and infects eggs of R. dominica, T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus and O. surinamensis (Lord 2009). Also, combination of Metarhizium anisopliae and the DE formulation Diafil 610 provide a satisfied protection of stored wheat against adults of R. dominica, T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus and Liposcelis paeta (Pearman) (Ashraf et al. 2017).