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Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
The pulmonary effects of cannabis smoking have been well described (Vachon et al., 1973;Tashkin et ah, 1973, 1980). Controlled studies have established that marijuana, either inhaled or ingested orally is a bronchodilator. In one study, 32 healthy experienced male marijuana smokers were found to have an immediate significant increase in specific airway conductance, achieving peak levels at 15 min that lasted as long as 60 min following use of a single marijuana cigarette (Tashkin et al, 1973). These findings indicate dilatation of airways. Bronchodilator effect are prolonged (up to 6 hr) with oral ingestion of marijuana. An increase in flow rates and normal ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation has been shown (Vachon et al., 1973). In contrast, Zwillich et al, (1978) showed that marijuana is both a respiratory and metabolic stimulant, causing a significant increase in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia and no change in the ventilatory response to hypoxia.
Cannabis
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
The psychoactive effects of cannabis vary widely, depending on dosage, the preparation and type of plant used, the method of administration, the personality of the user and their social and cultural background (Schultes et al., 2001). Acute anxiety is the most common adverse psychological symptom and occurs in naïve users, especially when the drug is taken in novel or stressful environments (Crippa et al., 2009). It has been recognised that chronic and/or frequent cannabis use is associated with higher prevalence of long-term anxiety and depressive disorders, and vice versa. Nonetheless, cannabis alone does not appear to be sufficient or necessary for people to develop those disorders and its use is a risk factor that operates in conjunction with other vulnerability factors (ibid.)
Cannabis
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
Many of the acute effects of cannabis are clearly associated with decrements in the ability to think and perform in a laboratory situation. There are unfortunately serious problems in generalizing from the psychopharmacology laboratory to the real world. Does impaired reaction time or impaired performance on a serial subtraction task have any implications concerning the use of cannabis while driving or studying? It probably does. Many of the regularly occurring acute behavioral effects of cannabis when sufficiently intense could be expected to impair driving skills, ability to study, and optimum performance in an interpersonal situation.
The relationship between substance use and physical activity among people living with HIV, chronic pain, and symptoms of depression: a cross-sectional analysis
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Emily M. Cherenack, Michael D. Stein, Ana M. Abrantes, Andrew Busch, Megan M. Pinkston, Jason V. Baker, Lisa A. Uebelacker
As a cross-sectional and quantitative study, we could not examine the complexities or directionality of the relationship between substance use and physical activity. There are multiple routes of administration for cannabis, and non-prescribed cannabis can differ in amount of psychoactive substance. Both dose and route of administration alter the biological and subjective effects of cannabis due to variations in pharmacokinetics (Ewusi Boisvert et al., 2020; Lucas et al., 2018). Furthermore, there are multiple types of pain sensations and differences in patterns of pain chronicity, intensity, and duration. Researchers should investigate reasons for substance use and how they differ by gender, explore the context of use (e.g., socialization, coping with chronic pain, route of administration, doses), examine the temporal relationship between substance use and physical activity, and identify if responses to substances differ by sex/gender or pain characteristics. This study did not collect data on environmental factors, such as availability of public transportation (which could influence walking) or proximity to safe spaces for exercise. Further studies would benefit from incorporating measures of social and environmental factors.
Differences in clinical features associated with cannabis intoxication in presentations to European emergency departments according to patient age and sex
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Yasmin Schmid, Miguel Galicia, Severin B. Vogt, Matthias E. Liechti, Guillermo Burillo-Putze, Paul I. Dargan, Alison M. Dines, Isabelle Giraudon, Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Knut Erik Hovda, David M. Wood, Christopher Yates, Òscar Miró
Several mechanisms and reasons have been proposed to explain sex-related differences in the effects of cannabis consumption. As stated previously, men consume cannabis more frequently and in higher quantities than women [22]. Moreover, Penetar et al. found shorter latencies to detect the effects of smoked cannabis in men than in women. Also, the subjective effects of smoked cannabis persisted longer in men than in women [30]. The findings of this study implicate different sex-related pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of cannabis which might influence the symptomatology of cannabis toxicity. Nonetheless, while sex differences in neurobehavioural effects of cannabis have been widely reported, there are very few studies on the sensitivity to the development of toxic events. As an example of different symptom expression according to user sex, cannabis hyperemesis syndrome is more often reported in men [26] while vomiting was more frequently found in women in the present study. The causes for this apparent discrepancy are unclear but underline the need for additional research before strong conclusions regarding sex differences in the toxicological effects of cannabis are reached.
Motives for Recreational Cannabis Use among Mental Health Professionals
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
The National Cannabis Survey reports 16.7% of Canadians used cannabis at least once in the last quarter of 2019 (Statistics Canada, 2020). The acute effects of cannabis intoxication can include anxiety, panic, suspiciousness, and cognitive impairments in some users, while high dose or long-term use may increase risk for dependence, depression, psychosis, and prolonged cognitive problems (World Health Organization, 2016). Mental health professionals provide therapeutic services for cannabis users with psychosocial difficulties, though little is known about cannabis use among the professionals. The purpose of this study was to understand motivations for recreational cannabis consumption among a sample of Canadian mental health professionals. The secondary objective was to reduce stigma toward cannabis users through illuminating the insights of professionals with insider perspectives on the risks and motives associated with cannabis use.