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Circarhythms
Published in Sue Binkley, Biological Clocks, 2020
In mammals other than humans, the frequency of REM sleep increases as body weight decreases. Mice, for example, have a 7-minute cycle. Humans may have a basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) for all 24 hours of which REM sleep is a night-time manifestation. The BRAC cycle is 10–13 minutes in the rat, 30 minutes in the cat, 45 minutes in the monkey, and about 120 minutes in the elephant.98
Nathaniel Kleitman (1895–1999)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
Kleitman continued this line of enquiry in 1948, when he spent 2 weeks aboard a submarine, the USS Dogfish, examining the relationship between mental alertness and temperature change – a situation that revealed that, when core body temperature increased, so did performance. Later, in 1951, he travelled to Norway to conduct research on the stability of the circadian rhythms of sleep in the continuous summer light of the arctic summer. Assisted by his daughter Hortense, Kleitman examined the duration of sleep taken by citizens of Tromsö, which lay north of the Arctic Circle. He found that adults took on average 7.2 hours of sleep per 24-hour period, with a range of 6.1 to 9.4 hours. This was about the same as a similar sample of adults living in Chicago during the same summer. These studies would also lead Kleitman to recognise that humans have a regular pattern of rest and activity in both sleep and wakefulness that lasts about 90 minutes – something he called the “basic rest-activity cycle”.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A rhythm of alternating activity and inactivity (including SLEEP). Activity includes functions ranging from photosynthesis in plants, to nutrient intake, REPRODUCTION, and LOCOMOTION in animals. Such cycles have a 24-hour periodicity, generated by an internal BIOLOGICAL CLOCK or circadian oscillator. Because organisms are adapted to the different ecologies of day and night, such cycles ensure that ENERGY is expended at times most likely to yield benefits, while the rest phase conserves energy and restricts potentially dangerous activities. A higher-frequency basic REST-ACTIVITY CYCLE has been described in humans with a period of approximately 90 minutes, which may be continuous with the REM SLEEP—NON-REM SLEEP cycle.
Onward: The future orientation of constructive memory
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
By the early years of this century, Rossi was immersed in exploring how the effects of imagination, beauty, and art contribute to numinous experiences and neuroplasticity. As he delved into these ideas with an appreciation for the centrality of internal biorhythms, he conceptualized the idea that strategically timed permissive suggestion combined with a subject’s internal orientation could impact genomic responses as measured by sampling products of gene expression such as DNA and RNA microarrays (Rossi, 2004). The Basic Rest Activity Cycle includes 10-to-20-minute rest phases he noted to be integrated into Erickson’s 90–120 minute hypnotherapeutic sessions. Rossi reported that he assembled evidence to establish that it takes about that same time interval for genes to respond to environmental events (Rossi, 2008). As described in the (Rossi et al., 2011) study, time intervals and responses included the production of proteins, generating hormones, immune factors, neurotransmitters, etc. which in turn shape perception and the mind and body’s ability to respond.
Hypnosis as Sole Anesthesia for Dental Removal in a Patient with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Mauro Cozzolino, Giovanna Celia, Kathryn L. Rossi, Ernest L. Rossi
Over the past years, a new paradigm called psychosocial genomics for the theory, research, and practice of clinical hypnosis has emerged (Atkinson et al., 2010; Forsdyke, 2016; E. Rossi, 2002a; E. Rossi & Rossi, 2006). Psychosocial genomics is a top-down approach – from mind to body – that examines the modulation of gene expression in response to psychological, social, and cultural experiences. Research in this field demonstrates that the experience of novel environmental situations and exercise promotes such benefits as activity and experience-dependent gene expression, brain plasticity, and stem cell healing processes (Atkinson et al., 2010; E. Rossi, 2002b; E. Rossi et al., 2011; E. Rossi & Rossi, 2006) as well as the genome capacity to quickly respond to individuals’ psychosocial experiences (Atkinson et al., 2010; Buric et al., 2017; Cozzolino et al., 2017; Cozzolino, Tagliaferri et al., 2014; Kanherkar et al., 2017; A. Lloyd et al., 2018; Ross et al., 2019). As these studies show, there is a growing need for mind-body methods to allow the mind-body-gene dialogue to be used to its full potential. This is a departure from the current reductionist paradigm in medicine, according to which the mind can be managed using standardized pharmacological and therapeutic approaches only, which are not always suited to the patients’ actual needs. The psychosocial genomics theoretical paradigm of hypnosis encompasses a clinical method called mind-body transformations therapy (MBT-T), which is included among mind-body therapies and applies to both group and individual sessions. MBT-T moves from a naturalistic perspective of hypnosis, and is founded upon the “utilization” of our natural biological rhythms to set the best conditions to activate inner mind-body healing processes to cope with the challenges our organism can be faced with (Cozzolino, Tagliaferri et al., 2014; E. Rossi et al., 2008; E. Rossi et al., 2010, 2011). It is based on the utilization of the 4-stage creative process (E. Rossi & Rossi, 2008), ultradian rhythms, the basic rest-activity cycle (D. Lloyd & Rossi, 1992), the neuronal and biological plasticity, and the relaxation response (Benson et al., 1974). Like other types of hypnosis, MBT-T can be used to induce analgesia and anesthesia; yet, it can also stimulate human resilience, promote well-being, problem-solving capacity, effective coping, and self-empowerment. It also allows the epigenetic and neuroscientific findings to be used in novel ways in order to promote resilience, reduce the symptoms of stress, and facilitate mind-body healing (Cole, 2013; Kandel, 1998). Importantly, MBT-T allows us to make an important contribution to the dialogue between psychosocial genomics-oriented hypnosis and anesthesia (E. Rossi et al., 2006, 2011).