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Applications of Antiviral Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Anusha Konatala, Sai Brahma Penugonda, Fain Parackel, Sudhakar Pola
An effective delivery system should concentrate the antigen, protect it from degradation, increase its uptake and processing in dendritic cells (DCs), and induce the production of cytokines that create a robust immune response (Shen et al. 2018). Liposomal, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes are most commonly used in vaccination. In liposomes, the composition of lipids and fatty acids decides the liposome stability and performance. These carriers can incorporate hydrophilic molecules in the inner core, and hydrophobic molecules can be embedded within bilayers. Theranostics is a portmanteau derived from therapeutics and diagnostics. Nanoparticle technology has initiated a smart theranostics platform that can diagnose, monitor response, and initiate primary as well as secondary treatment, as required (Sneider et al. 2017).
Translation of Radiopharmaceuticals
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Pedro Fragoso Costa, Latifa Rbah-Vidal, An Aerts, Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen, Margret Schottelius
However, the theranostic concept is a more general concept of personalized medicine, generally based on “using targeted diagnostic imaging to identify appropriate disease-specific molecular targets, to quantify expression levels (diagnostic tool), to subsequently allow personalized management of the disease (therapeutic tool) and to monitor treatment response (diagnostic tool)” [28]. Thus, this concept also comprises approaches where specifically optimized (see requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic tracers above), but potentially structurally quite different tracer molecules may be used as the respective “companion diagnostic” and “companion therapeutic” within the setting of a theranostic approach. One recent example for such a strategy is the complementary use of [68Ga]PSMA-11 or [18F]DCFPyl as diagnostic agents for PET imaging and of the therapeutic tracers [177Lu]PSMA-617 or [177Lu]PSMA-I&T for subsequent RLT of advanced metastatic prostate cancer [29]. Another example are CXCR4-targeted theranostics using the structurally related, but specifically optimized ligands [68Ga]PentixaFor and [177Lu]PentixaTher for PET and RLT, respectively [30].
Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
In 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an important report entitled “Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products.” This “Critical Path Initiative” directly reflects the FDA’s great interest to modernize the manufacturing process of FDA-regulated products. In particular, the FDA reported the declining number of approved innovative medical products and strongly requested a concerted effort to modernize scientific tools [1–3]. On the other hand, John Funkhouser, the Chief Executive Officer of PharmaNetics, used the term “Theranostics” for the first time in 1998 as a concept of “the ability to affect therapy or treatment of a disease state.” Accordingly, theranostics as a treatment strategy for individual patients encompasses a wide range of subjects, including personalized medicine, pharmacogenomics, and molecular imaging, in order to develop an efficient new targeted therapy and optimize drug selection via a better molecular understanding. Furthermore, theranostics aims to monitor the response to the treatment, to increase drug efficacy and safety, and to eliminate the unnecessary treatment of patients, resulting in significant cost savings for the overall healthcare system [2]. Therefore, the emerging science of theranostics seems to provide a unique opportunity to pharmaceutical and diagnostics companies to meet the regulatory and financial constraints imposed by the FDA [1, 2].
Radiomics and theranostics with molecular and metabolic probes in prostate cancer: toward a personalized approach
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Luca Filippi, Luca Urso, Francesco Bianconi, Barbara Palumbo, Maria Cristina Marzola, Laura Evangelista, Orazio Schillaci
In 2015, former U.S. President Barack Obama launched the ambitious ‘Precision Medicine Initiative,’ remarkably synthesized with the headline ‘It’s health care tailored to you’ (https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/precision-medicine, accessed on the 01/20/2023). The very concept of ‘precision medicine’ entails the need to configure the most appropriate pathways of diagnosis and care taking into account the unique genetic, biological and environmental characteristics of each individual. On this path, radionuclide-based theranostics represents one of the backbones of precision medicine, since it is based on the pre-therapeutic stratification of patients in relation to the detection of a certain metabolic or molecular target. In recent years, PSMA-RLT has been gaining much more consensus among clinicians with respect to 223Ra-therapy, that has been practically placed as a third-line therapy after a note issued by EMA (EMA/500948/2018) and can be applied only for the management of skeletal metastases. The aforementioned considerations explain why the majority of published studies on radiomics and theranostics have been focused on PSMA-RLT. However, from the analysis of the scientific literature, it is clear that both 99mTc-MDP and 18F-NaF imaging can be useful to predict 223Ra-biodistribution and carry out a personalized dosimetry.
Combining magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia for localized and image-guided treatment
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Yao Lu, Angelie Rivera-Rodriguez, Zhi Wei Tay, Daniel Hensley, K.L. Barry Fung, Caylin Colson, Chinmoy Saayujya, Quincy Huynh, Leyla Kabuli, Benjamin Fellows, Prashant Chandrasekharan, Carlos Rinaldi, Steven Conolly
An ideal real-time theranostic platform will allow real-time visualization of the pathology and treatment region, such that imaging and therapy are carried out simultaneously [22]. Because the MNPs also generate MPI signal during heating, real-time simultaneous MPI-therapy should be possible. To achieve this, the MPI imaging and MFH heating drive coils, which are currently separate, should be combined in one scanner with the addition of a receive coil to pick up MPI inductive signal. Ideally, MPI and MFH can work at the same RF frequency, f0 = 354 kHz. However, this poses impractical constraints for the front-end MPI electronics to obtain adequate harmonics for MPI image reconstruction. MPI currently uses commercial preamplifiers with a 1 MHz bandwidth. That means only 1 harmonic (given f0 = 354 kHz) is received after the initial low-pass filter, insufficient for image reconstruction. A simple way to realize real-time MPI–MFH is generating two fundamental frequencies 85] to generate successful MPI images, with possible SNR improvements offered by better noise matching. A band-pass filter has to be designed to filter out both the lower and higher frequency feed through, limiting the detectable MPI harmonics to
Theranostic approaches in nuclear medicine: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Luca Filippi, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Orazio Schillaci, Roberto Cianni, Oreste Bagni
In the panorama of personalized medicine, the theranostic approach aims to identify specific targets in patients in order to define customized pathways of therapy and also monitor the response to treatment. Targeted therapy represents a crucial role for the management of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) through the peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) [7]. Furthermore, theranostics is providing promising results in patients affected by metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) [8]. In the following, we will review the more consolidated applications of targeted imaging and therapy in nuclear medicine, also providing an overview of the more innovative applications that are moving the theranostic field forward. Table 1 summarizes the main manuscripts on the clinical application of theranostics.